With a keen attention to how culture and elite conflict shape politics, The Great Separation upends deterministic understandings of the Chinese Cultural Revolution and the market reforms that followed. This ambitious posthumous volume by sociologist Xiaohong Xu turns the existing scholarship on China’s “neoliberalism” on its head by demonstrating that the effort to separate mass politics from economic policy had its origins well before the Reform and Opening-up era.
Over the course of the Cultural Revolution, unfolding factional dynamics and interpretive struggles enabled Chairman Mao and his radical colleagues to mobilize workers to advance their own political goals while neutralizing the masses’ economic demands, symbolically separating the political from the economic. This set the stage for a more thoroughgoing depoliticization of the economy after 1989, when China faced challenges from students and workers whose economic grievances had rapidly morphed into political demands for democracy. The result was what Xu calls ordoeconomism: an ideology that valorizes economic development, rejects mass politics, and views the state as the apolitical guardian of the economy. As Xu demonstrates, while ordoeconomism may share some affinities with neoliberalism, it is a distinctively Chinese approach that must be understood on its own terms.
Table of Contents:
Table of Contents
Foreword. Rethinking Revolution: The Romantic and Disenchanting Sociology of Xu Xiaohong (Ho-fung Hung)
Introduction (Roi Livne, Robert S. Jansen, and Yang Zhang)
The Great Separation
Chapter 1. Dialogic Struggle in the Becoming of the Cultural Revolution: Between Elite Conflict and Mass Mobilization, 1962 to 1967
Chapter 2. Modernity and the Politics of Newness: Unraveling New Time in the Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966 to 1968 (with Isaac Ariail Reed)
Chapter 3. The Great Separation: From Mao to Market, 1967 to 2023
References
Index
About the Author :
Xiaohong Xu (1978-2023) was Assistant Professor of Sociology and Associate Director of the Lieberthal-Rogel Center for Chinese Studies at the University of Michigan.
Roi Livne is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Michigan.
Robert S. Jansen is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Michigan.
Yang Zhang is Associate Professor in the Department of Global Inquiry at American University.
Review :
“The Great Separation advances a conceptual framework and set of insights that will fundamentally reshape future scholarship on the Cultural Revolution and China’s post-revolutionary market reforms.”
“Students of revolution and China’s Cultural Revolution will find these three pieces invaluable. Xiaohong reexamines revolutions as often unintended transformations shaped by dialogic struggle between elites and the masses and by agents’ recognition of ‘new time’ with new opportunities. His original analysis of ordoeconomism will undoubtedly inspire further work on the separation of mass politics from material improvement.”
“Always reaching past the received wisdom, but with his feet anchored in historical sources, the late Xiaohong Xu’s work challenges Western social theory and revises modern Chinese history. His concluding essay on “the great separation” of politics and economics unearths a paradoxical affinity between the Cultural Revolution in China and the Neoliberal Revolution in the Anglosphere. A tour de force.”
“We are fortunate to have the late Xiaohong Xu’s bold and adventurous writings on China’s Cultural Revolution gathered in this volume, beautifully edited by Livne, Jansen and Zhang. How did the politics of interpretive struggle among Mao, party officials, and the rebellious students shape the Cultural Revolution? Why was this foundational for China’s late 20th and early 21st-century ordoeconomism? Readers will find novel and persuasive answers in The Great Separation, informed by Xu’s agile integration of a spectacularly wide range of social theory and historical dynamics.”
