Environmental Analysis and Technology for the Refining Industry: (Chemical Analysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and Its Applications)

A timely, hands-on guide to environmental issues and regulatory standards for the petroleum industry Environmental analysis and testing methods are an integral part of any current and future refining activities. Today's petroleum refining industry must be prepared to meet a growing number of challenges, both environmental and regulatory. Environmental Analysis and Technology for the Refining Industry focuses on the analytical issues inherent in any environmental monitoring or cleanup program as they apply to today's petroleum industry, not only during the refining process, but also during recovery operations, transport, storage, and utilization. Designed to help today's industry professionals identify test methods for monitoring and cleanup of petroleum-based pollutants, the book provides examples of the application of environmental regulations to petroleum refining and petroleum products, as well as current and proposed methods for the mitigation of environmental effects and waste management. Part I introduces petroleum technology, refining, and products, and reviews the nomenclature used by refiners, environmental scientists, and engineers. Part II discusses environmental technology and analysis, and provides information on environmental regulation and the impact of refining. Coverage includes: * In-depth descriptions of analyses related to gaseous emissions, liquid effluents, and solid waste * A checklist of relevant environmental regulations * Numerous real-world examples of the application of environmental regulations to petroleum refining and petroleum products * An analysis of current and proposed methods of environmental protection and waste management

Table of Contents:
Preface xi Part I Petroleum Technology 1 Chapter 1 Definitions and Terminology 3 1.1 The Environment 4 1.2 Petroleum 9 1.3 Classification 11 1.3.1 Chemical Composition 12 1.3.2 Correlation Index 13 1.3.3 Density 14 1.3.4 Carbon Distribution 15 1.3.5 Viscosity–Gravity Constant 15 1.3.6 UOP Characterization Factor 16 1.4 Petroleum Products 16 1.4.1 Boiling Range 19 1.4.2 Environmental Behavior 19 1.5 Refinery Waste 20 1.5.1 Chemical Characteristics 21 1.5.2 Environmental Behavior 25 References 27 Chapter 2 Composition and Properties 31 2.1 Composition 32 2.1.1 Elemental Composition 32 2.1.2 Chemical Composition 33 2.1.3 Composition by Volatility 35 2.1.4 Composition by Fractionation 37 2.2 Properties 40 2.2.1 Density and Specific Gravity 40 2.2.2 Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis 41 2.2.3 Fractionation by Chromatography 42 2.2.4 Liquefaction and Solidification 44 2.2.5 Metals Content 44 2.2.6 Spectroscopic Properties 45 2.2.7 Surface and Interfacial Tension 47 2.2.8 Viscosity 49 2.2.9 Volatility 51 References 53 Chapter 3 Refinery Products and By-Products 57 3.1 Refinery Products 60 3.1.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 64 3.1.2 Naphtha, Gasoline, and Solvents 68 3.1.3 Kerosene and Diesel Fuel 71 3.1.4 Fuel Oil 71 3.1.5 Lubricating Oil 74 3.1.6 White Oil, Insulating Oil, and Insecticides 75 3.1.7 Grease 75 3.1.8 Wax 76 3.1.9 Asphalt 77 3.1.10 Coke 77 3.2 Petrochemicals 78 3.3 Refinery Chemicals 80 3.3.1 Alkalis 80 3.3.2 Acids 81 3.3.3 Catalysts 83 References 86 Chapter 4 Refinery Wastes 87 4.1 Process Wastes 90 4.1.1 Desalting 92 4.1.2 Distillation 93 4.1.3 Visbreaking and Coking 96 4.1.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking 98 4.1.5 Hydrocracking and Hydrotreating 99 4.1.6 Alkylation and Polymerization 101 4.1.7 Catalytic Reforming 105 4.1.8 Isomerization 105 4.1.9 Deasphalting and Dewaxing 106 4.2 Entry into the Environment 108 4.2.1 Storage and Handling of Petroleum Products 108 4.2.2 Release into the Environment 110 4.3 Toxicity 113 4.3.1 Lower-Boiling Constituents 114 4.3.2 Higher-Boiling Constituents 117 4.3.3 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons 119 4.3.4 Wastewater 120 References 121 Part II Environmental Technology and Analysis 123 Chapter 5 Environmental Regulations 125 5.1 Environmental Impact of Refining 131 5.1.1 Air Pollution 131 5.1.2 Water Pollution 132 5.1.3 Soil Pollution 132 5.2 Environmental Regulations in the United States 132 5.2.1 Clean Air Act 133 5.2.2 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 137 5.2.3 Clean Water Act 140 5.2.4 Safe Drinking Water Act 141 5.2.5 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 142 5.2.6 Oil Pollution Act 143 5.2.7 Occupational Safety and Health Act 144 5.2.8 Toxic Substances Control Act 144 5.2.9 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 146 5.3 Refinery Outlook 146 5.3.1 Hazardous Waste Regulations 146 5.3.2 Regulatory Background 147 5.3.3 Requirements 147 5.4 Management of Refinery Waste 148 References 149 Chapter 6 Sample Collection and Preparation 151 6.1 Petroleum Chemicals 151 6.2 Sample Collection and Preparation 153 6.2.1 Sample Collection 154 6.2.2 Extract Concentration 168 6.2.3 Sample Cleanup 170 6.3 Measurement 170 6.4 Accuracy 172 6.5 Precision 173 6.6 Method Validation 174 6.7 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 179 6.7.1 Quality Control 179 6.7.2 Quality Assurance 181 6.8 Method Detection Limit 182 References 183 Chapter 7 Analytical Methods 185 7.1 Leachability and Toxicity 186 7.2 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons 186 7.2.1 Gas Chromatographic Methods 191 7.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy Methods 195 7.2.3 Gravimetric Methods 196 7.2.4 Immunoassay Methods 198 7.3 Petroleum Group Analysis 198 7.3.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography 200 7.3.2 Immunoassay 201 7.3.3 Gas Chromatography 201 7.3.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 203 7.3.5 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry 204 7.4 Petroleum Fractions 205 References 206 Chapter 8 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons 207 8.1 Petroleum Constituents 209 8.2 Analytical Methods 210 8.2.1 Environmental Samples 210 8.2.2 Biological Samples 217 8.2.3 Semivolatile and Nonvolatile Hydrocarbons 228 8.3 Assessment of the Methods 230 References 234 Chapter 9 Analysis of Gaseous Effluents 237 9.1 Gaseous Products 239 9.1.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 239 9.1.2 Natural Gas 240 9.1.3 Refinery Gas 241 9.1.4 Sulfur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Carbon Dioxide 244 9.1.5 Particulate Matter 244 9.2 Environmental Effects 245 9.3 Sampling 247 9.4 Analysis 247 9.4.1 Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion) 248 9.4.2 Composition 249 9.4.3 Density 252 9.4.4 Sulfur 253 9.4.5 Volatility and Vapor Pressure 253 References 254 Chapter 10 Analysis of Liquid Effluents 257 10.1 Naphtha 258 10.1.1 Composition 261 10.1.2 Density (Specific Gravity) 266 10.1.3 Evaporation Rate 266 10.1.4 Flash Point 266 10.1.5 Odor and Color 267 10.1.6 Volatility 267 10.2 Fuel Oil 268 10.2.1 Asphaltene Content 269 10.2.2 Composition 270 10.2.3 Density (Specific Gravity) 271 10.2.4 Elemental Analysis 272 10.2.5 Flash Point 276 10.2.6 Metals Content 276 10.2.7 Pour Point and Viscosity 277 10.2.8 Stability 278 10.3 Wastewaters 279 References 280 Chapter 11 Analysis of Solid Effluents 283 11.1 Residua and Asphalt 283 11.1.1 Acid Number 286 11.1.2 Asphaltene Content 287 11.1.3 Carbon Disulfide Insoluble Constituents 288 11.1.4 Composition 289 11.1.5 Density (Specific Gravity) 290 11.1.6 Elemental Analysis 292 11.1.7 Float Test 293 11.1.8 Softening Point 293 11.1.9 Viscosity 294 11.1.10 Weathering 294 11.2 Coke 294 11.2.1 Ash 296 11.2.2 Composition 297 11.2.3 Density 299 11.2.4 Dust Control Material 300 11.2.5 Hardness 300 11.2.6 Metals 300 11.2.7 Sulfur 301 References 302 Chapter 12 Pollution Prevention 305 12.1 Refinery Wastes and Treatment 306 12.1.1 Air Emissions 306 12.1.2 Wastewater and Treatment 309 12.1.3 Other Waste and Treatment 311 12.2 Pollution Prevention 311 12.2.1 Pollution Prevention Options 312 12.2.2 Recycling 315 12.2.3 Treatment Options 316 12.3 Adoption of Pollution Reduction Options 317 References 319 Glossary 321 Index 343

About the Author :
JAMES G. SPEIGHT, PHD, is an author, consultant, and lecturer on energy and environmental issues. He has written nearly thirty books, including Handbook of Petroleum Analysis, Handbook of Petroleum Product Analysis, and Handbook of Coal Analysis, all published by Wiley.