A practical treatment of power system design within the oil, gas, petrochemical and offshore industries. These have significantly different characteristics to large-scale power generation and long distance public utility industries.
Developed from a series of lectures on electrical power systems given to oil company staff and university students, Sheldrake's work provides a careful balance between sufficient mathematical theory and comprehensive practical application knowledge.
Features of the text include:
* Comprehensive handbook detailing the application of electrical engineering to the oil, gas and petrochemical industries
* Practical guidance to the electrical systems equipment used on off-shore production platforms, drilling rigs, pipelines, refineries and chemical plants
* Summaries of the necessary theories behind the design together with practical guidance on selecting the correct electrical equipment and systems required
* Presents numerous 'rule of thumb' examples enabling quick and accurate estimates to be made
* Provides worked examples to demonstrate the topic with practical parameters and data
* Each chapter contains initial revision and reference sections prior to concentrating on the practical aspects of power engineering including the use of computer modelling
* Offers numerous references to other texts, published papers and international standards for guidance and as sources of further reading material
* Presents over 35 years of experience in one self-contained reference
* Comprehensive appendices include lists of abbreviations in common use, relevant international standards and conversion factors for units of measure
An essential reference for electrical engineering designers, operations and maintenance engineers and technicians.
Table of Contents:
Foreword xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
About the Author xxv
1 Estimation of Plant Electrical Load 1
1.1 Preliminary Single-Line Diagrams 1
1.2 Load Schedules 2
1.3 Determination of Power Supply Capacity 8
1.4 Standby Capacity of Plain Cable Feeders and Transformer Feeders 12
1.5 Rating of Generators in Relation to their Prime Movers 13
1.6 Rating of Motors in Relation to their Driven Machines 13
1.7 Development of Single-Line Diagrams 14
1.8 Coordination with other Disciplines 16
Reference 18
2 Gas Turbine Driven Generators 19
2.1 Classification of Gas Turbine Engines 19
2.2 Energy Obtained from a Gas Turbine 23
2.3 Power Output from a Gas Turbine 36
2.4 Starting Methods for Gas Turbines 39
2.5 Speed Governing of Gas Turbines 39
2.6 Mathematical Modelling of Gas Turbine Speed Governing Systems 52
References 59
Further Reading 59
3 Synchronous Generators and Motors 61
3.1 Common Aspects Between Generators and Motors 61
3.2 Simplified Theory of Operation of a Generator 613.3 Phasor Diagram of Voltages and Currents 64
3.4 The Derived Reactances 65
3.4.1 Sensitivity of X md , X a, X f and X kd to Changes in Physical dimensions 67
3.5 Active and Reactive Power Delivered from a Generator 68
3.6 The Power Versus Angle Chart of a Salient Pole Generator 72
3.7 Choice of Voltages for Generators 73
3.8 Typical Parameters of Generators 73
3.9 Construction Features of High Voltage Generators and Induction Motors 78
References 81
4 Automatic Voltage Regulation 83
4.1 Modern Practice 83
4.2 IEEE Standard AVR Models 89
Reference 97
5 Induction Motors 99
5.1 Principle of Operation of the Three-Phase Motor 99
5.2 Essential Characteristics 100
5.3 Construction of Induction Motors 119
5.4 Derating Factors 121
5.5 Matching the Motor Rating to the Driven Machine Rating 121
5.6 Effect of the Supply Voltage on Ratings 122
5.7 Effect of the System Fault Level 123
5.8 Cable Volt-drop Considerations 123
5.9 Critical Times for Motors 125
5.10 Methods of Starting Induction Motors 125
References 129
6 Transformers 131
6.1 Operating Principles 131
6.2 Efficiency of a Transformer 134
6.3 Regulation of a Transformer 135
6.4 Three-Phase Transformer Winding Arrangements 136
6.5 Construction of Transformers 137
6.6 Transformer Inrush Current 140
References 142
7 Switchgear and Motor Control Centres 143
7.1 Terminology in Common Use 143
7.2 Construction 144
7.3 Switching Devices 154
7.4 Fuses for Motor Control Centre Outgoing Circuits 156
7.5 Safety Interlocking Devices 157
7.6 Control and Indication Devices 158
7.7 Moulded Case Circuit Breakers 162
References 172
8 Fuses 173
8.1 General Comments 173
8.2 Operation of a Fuse 174
8.3 Influence of the Circuit X-to-R Ratio 174
8.4 The I 2 t Characteristic 176
References 181
9 Cables, Wires and Cable Installation Practices 183
9.1 Electrically Conducting Materials used in the Construction of Cables 183
9.2 Electrically Non-Conducting Materials used in the Construction of Cables 187
9.3 Composition of Power and Control Cables 191
9.4 Current Ratings of Power Cables 198
9.5 Cables with Enhanced Performance 244
Reference 247
10 Hazardous Area Classification and the Selection of Equipment 249
10.1 Historical Developments 249
10.2 Present Situation 249
10.3 Elements of Hazardous Area Classification 251
10.4 Hazardous Area Zones 253
10.5 Types of Protection for Hazardous Areas 254
10.6 Types of Protection for Ingress of Water and Solid Particles 260
10.7 Certification of Hazardous Area Equipment 265
10.8 Marking of Equipment Nameplates 266
References 266
Further Reading 266
11 Fault Calculations and Stability Studies 269
11.1 Introduction 269
11.2 Constant Voltage Source – High Voltage 269
11.3 Constant Voltage Source – Low Voltage 271
11.4 Non-Constant Voltage Sources – All Voltage Levels 273
11.5 Calculation of Fault Current due to Faults at the Terminals of a Generator 274
11.6 Calculate the Sub-Transient symmetrical RMS Fault Current Contributions 279
11.7 Application of the Doubling Factor to Fault Current I′′frms found in 11.6 287
11.8 Computer Programs for Calculating Fault Currents 292
11.9 The use of Reactors 294
11.10 Some Comments on the Application of IEC60363 and IEC 60909 300
11.11 Stability Studies 300
References 308
Further Reading 309
12 Protective Relay Coordination 311
12.1 Introduction to Overcurrent Coordination 311
12.2 Generator Protection 313
12.3 Emergency Diesel Generators 325
12.4 Feeder Transformer Protection 326
12.5 Feeder Cable Protection 332
12.6 Busbar Protection in Switchboards 334
12.7 High Voltage Induction Motor Protection 336
12.8 Low Voltage Induction Motor Protection 342
12.9 Low Voltage Static Load Protection 345
12.10 Mathematical Equations for Representing Standard, Very and Extremely Inverse Relays 346
References 349
13 Earthing and Screening 351
13.1 Purpose of Earthing 351
13.2 Site Locations 353
13.3 Design of Earthing Systems 356
13.4 Construction Details Relating to Earthing 371
13.5 Screening and Earthing of Cables used in Electronic Circuits 373
References 383
14 Variable Speed Electrical Drivers 385
14.1 Introduction 385
14.2 Group 1 Methods 388
14.3 Group 2 Methods 392
14.4 Variable Speed DC Motors 394
14.5 Electrical Submersible Pumps 394
14.6 Control Systems for AC Motors 397
References 400
15 Harmonic Voltages and Currents 401
15.1 Introduction 401
15.2 Rectifiers 402
15.3 Harmonic Content of the Supply Side Currents 413
15.4 Inverters 421
15.5 Filtering of Power Line Harmonics 429
15.6 Protection, Alarms and Indication 433
References 433
16 Computer Based Power Management Systems 435
16.1 Introduction 435
16.2 Typical Configurations 435
16.3 Main Functions 436
17 Uninterruptible Power Supplies 449
17.1 AC Uninterruptible Power Supplies 449
17.2 DC Uninterruptible Power Supplies 451
17.3 Redundancy Configurations 457
References 458
18 Miscellaneous Subjects 459
18.1 Lighting Systems 459
18.2 Navigation Aids 463
18.3 Cathodic Protection 467
References 468
19 Preparing Equipment Specifications 469
19.1 The Purpose of Specifications 469
19.2 A Typical Format for a Specification 470
20 Summary of the Generalised Theory of Electrical Machines as Applied to Synchronous Generators and Induction Motors 479
20.1 Introduction 479
20.2 Synchronous Generator 480
20.3 Some Notes on Induction Motors 490
20.3.1 Derived reactances 491
20.3.2 Application of three-phase short circuit 491
20.3.3 Derived reactances and time constants for an induction motor 493
20.3.4 Derivation of an equivalent circuit 495
20.3.5 ‘Re-iteration or recapitulation’ 496
20.3.6 Contribution of three-phase short-circuit current from induction motor 501
References 504
Further Reading 505
Appendix A Abbreviations Commonly used in Electrical Documents 507
Appendix B A List of Standards Often Used for Designing Electrical Systems and for Specifying Equipment 517
B. 1 International Electro-technical Commission (Europe) 517
B. 2 Institute of Petroleum (UK) 525
B. 3 International Standards Organisation (Worldwide) 526
B. 4 British Standards Institution (UK) 526
B. 5 American Petroleum Institute (USA) 530
B. 6 Counseil International des Grands Reseaux Electriques (France) 530
B. 7 Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association (UK) 530
B. 8 Electricity Council (UK) 531
B. 9 Verband Deutscher Electrechniker (Germany) 531
B.10 Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers Inc. (USA) 531
B.11 Miscellaneous References from the UK 532
Appendix C Numbering System for Protective Devices, Control and Indication Devices for Power Systems 533
C. 1 Application of Protective Relays, Control and Alarm Devices for Power System Circuits 533
C.1.1 Notes to sub-section C. 1 535
C. 2 Electrical Power System Device Numbers and Functions 536
Appendix D Under-Frequency and Over-Temperature Protection of Gas-Turbine Driven Generators 539
Appendix E List of Document Types to be Produced During a Project 545
E. 1 Contractors Documents 546
E. 2 Manufacturers Documents 549
Appendix F Worked Example for Calculating the Performance of a Gas Turbine 551
F.1 The Requirements and Data Given 551
F.2 Basic Requirements 551
F.3 Detailed Requirements 552
F.4 Basic Solutions 552
F.5 Detailed Solutions 553
Appendix G Worked Example for the Calculation of Volt-drop in a Circuit Containing an Induction Motor 559
G.1 Introduction 559
Appendix H Worked Example for the Calculation of Earthing Current and Electric Shock Hazard Potential Difference in a Rod and Grid Earthing System 585
H.1 Worked Example 585
Appendix I Conversion Factors for the SI System of Units 597
I.1 Fundamental SI Units 597
I.2 Derived Non-electrical Units 597
I.3 Derived Electrical Units 598
I.4 Conversions 598
I.5 International Standards Organisation (ISO) Conditions 605
I.6 Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) Conditions 605
I.7 Regularly Used Constants 605
I.8 Regularly Used Prefixes 606
I.9 References 606
Index 607
About the Author :
Alan L. Sheldrake is the author of Handbook of Electrical Engineering: For Practitioners in the Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industry, published by Wiley.
Review :
"...an excellent reference...with many worked out examples and loads of practical real world calculations, this well laid out book would be an invaluable guide for new power system engineers...and also provide experienced engineers a way to check their designs or find out about other areas." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, January/February 2004)
