Quantitative Calculations in Pharmaceutical Practice and Research

Quantitative calculations are common everyday practice for the analytical chemist in his laboratory work. This book aims at familiarizing students and technicians with such calculations done in pharmaceutical analysis, biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacy practice, pharmaceutical chemistry, physical pharmacy and radiopharmacy. It exposes the reader to various approaches for problem solving and aids in consolidating theoretical knowledge by applying it to the solution of real problems. Structured in 15 chapters, each one containing a short introduction of the relevant theory and equations to facilitate the comprehension of theoretical principles and the solution of the relevant problems.

Table of Contents:
1. Mathematical Calculations and Statistical Treatment of Experimental Data; 1.1 The Branches of Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1.2 Errors in Measurements; 1.3 Accuracy and Precision; 1.4 Application of Statistics to Small Sets of Data; 1.5 Statistical Tests of Significance; 1.6 Tests for Rejection of Data; 1.7 Significant Figures; 1.8 Statistics of Linear Relationships; 1.9 Statistics of Nonlinear Relationships; 1.10 Problems; 1.11 Solutions to Problems; 2. Metrology - Concentrations of Solutions and Mixtures - Computations; 2.1 Metrology; 2.2 Ways of Expressing the Concentrations of Solutions and Mixtures; 2.3 Effective Concentration or Activity; 2.4 Charge Balance - Mass Balance; 2.5 Preparing Solutions and Mixtures; 2.6 Dosage and Formula Calculations; 2.7 Problems; 2.8 Solutions to Problems; 3. Equilibria Involving Weak Acids and Weak Bases; 3.1 Dissociation of Weak Monoprotic Acids and Weak Monoacidic Bases; 3.2(a) Effect of Ionic Strength on the Dissociation Constant; 3.2(b) Effects of Micelles on the Dissociation Constant; 3.3 Acidity, Neutrality, and Alkalinity in Aqueous Solutions; 3.4 Dissociation of Polyprotic Acids; 3.5 Proton Balance; 3.6 Acid--Base Equilibria in Nonaqeous Solvents; 3.7 Buffers; 3.8 Hydrolysis of Salts; 3.9 Problems; 3.10 Solutions to Problems; 4. Solubility and Phase Equilibria; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Solubility of Gases in Liquids; 4.3 Solubility of Liquids in Liquids; 4.4 Solubility of Solids in Liquids; 4.5 Solubility of Slightly Soluble Electrolytes in Water; 4.6 Problems; 4.7 Solutions to Problems; 5. Complexation; 5.1 Classification of Complexes; 5.2 Equilibria Involving Complexes; 5.3 Experimental Methods for Complexation Studies; 5.4 Protein Binding of Drugs; 5.5 Equilibria in Immunoassays; 5.6 Problems; 5.7 Solutions to Problems; 6. Equilibria Involving Redox Systems; 6.1 Electrode Potentials - Strength of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents; 6.2 Factors Affecting the Electrode Potential - The Nernst Equation; 6.3 Galvanic Cells - Equilibrium Constant of Redox Systems; 6.4 Applications of the Standard Potentials and the Nernst Equation; 6.5 Problems; 6.6 Solutions to Problems; 7. Kinetics and Chemical Stability of Pharmaceuticals; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 The Law of Mass Action - Chemical Equilibrium and Factors Affecting It; 7.3 Mathematical Treatment of Rates; 7.4 Experimental Determination of Reaction Order and Rate Constant; 7.5 Effects of Temperature and Other Factors on Reaction Rates; 7.6 Degradation and Stabilization of Pharmaceuticals; 7.7 Accelerated Stability Analysis; 7.8 Problems; 7.9 Solutions to Problems; 8. Chemical Techniques of Pharmaceutical Analysis; 8.1 Gravimetric Analysis; 8.2 An Introduction to Volumetric Analysis; 8.3 Acid--Base Titrations; 8.4 Oxidation--Reduction Titrations; 8.5 Precipitation Titrations; 8.6 Complexometric Titrations; 8.7 Problems; 8.8 Solutions to Problems; 9. Electrochemical and Spectrochemical Techniques in Pharmaceutical Analysis; 9.1 Potentiometry; 9.2 Coulometry; 9.3 Spectrophotometry; 9.4 Fluorometry; 9.5 Problems; 9.6 Solutions to Problems; 10. Physical Techniques in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Refractometry--Polarimetry); 10.1 Introduction; 10.2 Refractometry; 10.3 Polarimetry; 10.4 Problems; 10.5 Solutions to Problems; 11. Separation Techniques; 11.1 Introduction; 11.2 Separation by Extraction; 11.3 Separation by Ion Exchange; 11.4 Problems; 11.5 Solutions to Problems; 12. Chromatographic Techniques; 12.1 Introduction; 12.2 Theories of Chromatography. Nomenclature. Basic Relations; 12.3 Planar Chromatography; 12.4 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis by GLC; 12.5 Liquid Column Chromatography; 12.6 Problems; 12.7 Solutions to Problems; 13. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition; 13.1 Definitions; 13.2 Release of Drug from the Formulation; 13.3 Dissolution of Solids; 13.4 Gastrointestinal Absorption; 13.5 Protein Binding of Drugs; 13.6 Drug Elimination, Excretion, and Metabolism; 13.7 Problems; 13.8 Solutions to Problems; 14. Pharmacokinetics; 14.1 Introduction; 14.2 Order of Pharmacokinetic Processes; 14.3 Distribution Models; 14.4 Drawing a Model and Deriving the Relevant Equation; 14.5 One--Compartment Model; 14.6 Two--Compartment Model; 14.7 Problems; 14.8 Solutions to Problems; 15. Radiopharmacy and Radiochemical Analytical Techniques; 15.1 Introduction; 15.2 Fundamentals of Radioactivity; 15.3 Statistical Considerations in Radioactive Measurements; 15.4 Analytical Applications of Radioactivity; 15.5 Problems; 15.6 Solutions to Problems; Appendix A Equilibrium Constants; Table A.1. Dissociation Constants for Acids; Table A.2. Dissociation Constants for Bases; Appendix B Standard and Formal Potentials E 0 and E ??? , at 25-C; Appendix C Common Logarithms; Index