Entropy Analysis: Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Energy Principle: The First Law The First Law (Energy Principle) Uwt and U: Directly Accessible Quantities The Joule Experiment U, the Change in Energy in a Chemical Reaction System Expressing Uwt in Terms of Pressure and Volume Variables Experimental Basis of the First Law Summary Problems Chapter 3. The Enthalpy Function Enthalpy Function Relationship of the Enthalpy Change to a Chemical Reaction Energy Changes from Calorimetric Experiments Applications of the Enthalpy Function Weak Temperature Dependence of the Enthalpy of Reaction Estimates of Enthalpies of Reaction from Bond Dissociation Enthalpies The Molecular Basis of the Enthalpy of Reaction Summary Problems Chapter 4. Entropy Principle: The Second Law The Second Law (Entropy Principle) Application of the Entropy Principle to Chemical Systems Molar Entropies Weak Temperature Dependence of the Entropy of Reaction Direct Application of the Entropy Principle to Phase Changes and Chemical Reactions Summary Problems Chapter 5. Everyday Energy Convertors: Refrigerators and Heat Engines Clausius Statement and Its Consequences Kelvin-Planck Statement and Its Consequences Summary Problems Chapter 6. Entropy from a Microscopic Point of View Boltzmann Equation Thermal Entropy Configurational Entropy A Final Consideration of the Relationship Between Entropy Change and Energy Change The Third Law Revisited Evolution Toward Equilibrium Summary Problems Chapter 7. The Gibbs Free Energy The Gibbs Free Energy Why the Change in the Gibbs Function Is Called "Free Energy" Analyzing rG in Terms of rH and rS Generalizations about rS and rH Summary Problems Chapter 8. Chemical Equilibrium Dependence of the Entropy of Reaction on Concentrations of Reactions and Products Dependence of the Gibbs Energy of Reaction on Concentrations Equilibrium Constants for Reactions of Substances Other Than in Ideal Solutions Weak Dependence of Enthalpy of Reaction on Concentration Phase Equilibria Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constants Summary Problems Chapter 9. Electrochemical Cells Electrochemical Systems An Example of a Galvanic Cell System; Conventions Used in Describing Cells Electrical Energy Relationship Between Electrical Energy and the Gibbs Free Energy Nernst Equation Applications of the Nernst Equation Sign Conventions in Electrochemical Cells Interconversion of Chemical and Electrical Energy; Relationship Between Electrolytic Cells and Galvanic Cells Additional Examples of Galvanic Cells Summary Problems Chapter 10. Energy Conversions The Scope of Energy Conversions Entropy Change as a Measure of the Quality of Energy Interconversion of Ordered and Disordered Energy at the Microscopic Level Enthalpy of Reaction and Thermal Energy Interconversion of Thermal and Mechanical Energies; Coupled Processes Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Energy TStot Measures Excess Thermal Energy Production, the Amount of Ordered Energy Wasted Coupled Chemical Reactions Summary Problems Appendix A Reconciliation of the Global Formulation of the First and Second Laws with the System-Oriented One Appendix B Primitive Chemical Reaction at the Microscopic Level with the Temperature Constant Appendix C Effect of a Change in Energy-Level Spacing on Energy and Entropy Appendix D Standard State Thermodynamic Properties at 298.15 K (25 C) Index