LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice

Table of Contents:
Editors’ Biographies List of Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgements List of Acronyms 1 Introduction and Background 1 Thomas Sälzer and Matthew Baker 1.1 The Context for the Long Term Evolution of UMTS  1 1.2 Requirements and Targets for the Long Term Evolution  7 1.3 Technologies for the Long Term Evolution  14 1.4 From Theory to Practice  20 References  21 Part I Network Architecture and Protocols 23 2 Network Architecture 25 Sudeep Palat and Philippe Godin 2.1 Introduction  25 2.2 Overall Architectural Overview  26 2.3 Protocol Architecture  32 2.4 Quality of Service and EPS Bearers  34 2.5 The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: S1 Interface  40 2.6 The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: X2 Interface  49 2.7 Summary  55 References 55 3 Control Plane Protocols 57 Himke van der Velde 3.1 Introduction  57 3.2 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 58 3.3 PLMN and Cell Selection 78 3.4 Paging  84 3.5 Summary  86 References  86 4 User Plane Protocols 87 Patrick Fischer, SeungJune Yi, SungDuck Chun and YoungDae Lee 4.1 Introduction to the User Plane Protocol Stack  87 4.2 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)  89 4.3 Radio Link Control (RLC)  98 4.4 Medium Access Control (MAC)  108 4.5 Summary of the User Plane Protocols  120 References  120 Part II Physical Layer for Downlink 121 5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 123 Andrea Ancora, Issam Toufik, Andreas Bury and Dirk Slock 5.1 Introduction  123 5.2 OFDM 125 5.3 OFDMA 137 5.4 Parameter Dimensioning  139 5.5 Summary  142 References  142 6 Introduction to Downlink Physical Layer Design 145 Matthew Baker 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Transmission Resource Structure  145 6.3 Signal Structure  148 6.4 Introduction to Downlink Operation  149 References  150 7 Synchronization and Cell Search 151 Fabrizio Tomatis and Stefania Sesia 7.1 Introduction  151 7.2 Synchronization Sequences and Cell Search in LTE  151 7.3 Coherent Versus Non-Coherent Detection 161 References  163 8 Reference Signals and Channel Estimation 165 Andrea Ancora, Stefania Sesia and Alex Gorokhov 8.1 Introduction  165 8.2 Design of Reference Signals in the LTE Downlink  167 8.2.1 Cell-Specific Reference Signals  168 8.3 RS-Aided Channel Modelling and Estimation  174 8.4 Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation  178 8.5 Time-Domain Channel Estimation  181 8.6 Spatial-Domain Channel Estimation  184 8.7 Advanced Techniques  185 References 186 9 Downlink Physical Data and Control Channels 189 Matthew Baker and Tim Moulsley 9.1 Introduction  189 9.2 Downlink Data-Transporting Channels  189 9.3 Downlink Control Channels  196 References  214 10 Link Adaptation and Channel Coding 215 Brian Classon, Ajit Nimbalker, Stefania Sesia and Issam Toufik 10.1 Introduction  215 10.2 Link Adaptation and CQI Feedback  217 10.3 Channel Coding  223 10.4 Conclusions  245 References  246 11 Multiple Antenna Techniques 249 Thomas Sälzer, David Gesbert, Cornelius van Rensburg, Filippo Tosato, Florian Kaltenberger and Tetsushi Abe 11.1 Fundamentals of Multiple Antenna Theory  249 11.2 MIMO Schemes in LTE  262 11.3 Summary 276 References  277 12 Multi-User Scheduling and Interference Coordination 279 Issam Toufik and Raymond Knopp 12.1 Introduction 279 12.2 General Considerations for Resource Allocation Strategies  280 12.3 Scheduling Algorithms 283 12.4 Considerations for Resource Scheduling in LTE  286 12.5 Interference Coordination and Frequency Reuse  287 12.6 Summary  291 References  292 13 Broadcast Operation 293 Himke van der Velde, Olivier Hus and Matthew Baker 13.1 Introduction  293 13.2 Broadcast Modes  293 13.3 Overall MBMS Architecture  295 13.4 MBMS Single Frequency Network Transmission  297 13.5 MBMS Characteristics  303 13.6 Radio Access Protocol Architecture and Signalling 304 13.7 Public Warning Systems  312 13.8 Comparison of Mobile Broadcast Modes  312 References  314 Part III Physical Layer for Uplink 315 14 Uplink Physical Layer Design 317 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 14.1 Introduction  317 14.2 SC-FDMA Principles  318 14.3 SC-FDMA Design in LTE  321 14.4 Summary  325 References  326 15 Uplink Reference Signals 327 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 15.1 Introduction  327 15.2 RS Signal Sequence Generation  328 15.3 Sequence-Group Hopping and Planning  332 15.4 Cyclic Shift Hopping  333 15.5 Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) 335 15.6 Uplink Sounding Reference Signals (SRS)  337 15.7 Summary  340 References  341 16 Uplink Physical Channel Structure 343 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 16.1 Introduction  343 16.2 Physical Uplink Shared Data Channel Structure  344 16.3 Uplink Control Channel Design  348 16.4 Multiplexing of Control Signalling and UL-SCH Data on PUSCH  365 16.5 ACK/NACK Repetition  367 16.6 Multiple-Antenna Techniques  367 16.7 Summary  369 References  369 17 Random Access 371 Pierre Bertrand and Jing Jiang 17.1 Introduction  371 17.2 Random Access Usage and Requirements in LTE  371 17.3 Random Access Procedure  372 7.4 Physical Random Access Channel Design  376 17.5 PRACH Implementation  396 17.6 Time Division Duplex (TDD) PRACH  404 17.7 Concluding Remarks  405 References  406 18 Uplink Transmission Procedures 407 Matthew Baker 18.1 Introduction  407 18.2 Uplink Timing Control  407 18.3 Power Control  411 References  420 Part IV Practical Deployment Aspects 421 19 User Equipment Positioning 423 Karri Ranta-aho and Zukang Shen 19.1 Introduction  423 19.2 Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS) Positioning  425 19.3 Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) Positioning  426 19.4 Cell-ID-based Positioning  431 19.5 LTE Positioning Protocols  433 19.6 Summary and Future Techniques  435 References  436 20 The Radio Propagation Environment 437 Juha Ylitalo and Tommi Jämsä 20.1 Introduction  437 20.2 SISO and SIMO Channel Models  438 20.3 MIMO Channel Models  441 20.4 Radio Channel Implementation for Conformance Testing  454 20.5 Concluding Remarks 455 References  455 21 Radio Frequency Aspects 457 Moray Rumney, Takaharu Nakamura, Stefania Sesia, Tony Sayers and Adrian Payne 21.1 Introduction  457 21.2 Frequency Bands and Arrangements  459 21.3 Transmitter RF Requirements  462 21.4 Receiver RF Requirements  474 21.5 RF Impairments  492 21.6 Summary  500 References  501 22 Radio Resource Management 503 Muhammad Kazmi 22.1 Introduction  503 22.2 Cell Search Performance  505 22.3 Mobility Measurements 513 22.4 UE Measurement Reporting Mechanisms and Requirements  516 22.5 Mobility Performance 518 22.6 RRC Connection Mobility Control Performance 525 22.7 Radio Link Monitoring Performance 526 22.8 Concluding Remarks 528 References  529 23 Paired and Unpaired Spectrum 531 Nicholas Anderson 23.1 Introduction  531 23.2 Duplex Modes  532 23.3 Interference Issues in Unpaired Spectrum  533 23.4 Half-Duplex System Design Aspects  544 23.5 Reciprocity  552 24 Picocells, Femtocells and Home eNodeBs 563 Philippe Godin and Nick Whinnett 24.1 Introduction  563 24.2 Home eNodeB Architecture  564 24.3 Interference Management for Femtocell Deployment  569 24.4 RF Requirements for Small Cells  574 24.5 Summary  580 References  580 25 Self-Optimizing Networks 581 Philippe Godin 25.1 Introduction 581 25.2 Automatic Neighbour Relation Function (ANRF)  582 25.3 Self-Configuration of eNodeB and MME  584 25.4 Automatic Configuration of Physical Cell Identity  587 25.5 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization 587 25.6 Mobility Robustness Optimization  591 25.7 Random Access CHannel (RACH) Self-Optimization  595 25.8 Energy Saving  596 25.9 Emerging New SON Use Cases 597 References  598 26 LTE System Performance 599 Tetsushi Abe 26.1 Introduction 599 26.2 Factors Contributing to LTE System Capacity  599 26.3 LTE Capacity Evaluation  603 26.4 LTE Coverage and Link Budget  608 26.5 Summary  610 References  611 Part V LTE-Advanced 613 27 Introduction to LTE-Advanced 615 Dirk Gerstenberger 27.1 Introduction and Requirements  615 27.2 Overview of the Main Features of LTE-Advanced  618 27.3 Backward Compatibility  619 27.4 Deployment Aspects  620 27.5 UE Categories for LTE-Advanced  621 References  622 28 Carrier Aggregation 623 Juan Montojo and Jelena Damnjanovic 28.1 Introduction  623 28.2 Protocols for Carrier Aggregation  624 28.3 Physical Layer Aspects  631 28.4 UE Transmitter and Receiver Aspects  648 28.5 Summary 650 References  650 29 Multiple Antenna Techniques for LTE-Advanced 651 Alex Gorokhov, Amir Farajidana, Kapil Bhattad, Xiliang Luo and Stefan Geirhofer 29.1 Downlink Reference Signals  651 29.2 Uplink Reference Signals  657 29.3 Downlink MIMO Enhancements  659 29.4 Uplink Multiple Antenna Transmission  666 29.5 Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP) Transmission and Reception  669 29.6 Summary  671 References 671 30 Relaying 673 Eric Hardouin, J. Nicholas Laneman, Alexander Golitschek, Hidetoshi Suzuki, Osvaldo Gonsa 30.1 Introduction  673 30.2 Theoretical Analysis of Relaying  679 30.3 Relay Nodes in LTE-Advanced  684 30.4 Summary  699 References  699 31 Additional Features of LTE Release 10 701 Teck Hu, Philippe Godin and Sudeep Palat 31.1 Introduction  701 31.2 Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 701 31.3 Minimization of Drive Tests 710 31.4 Machine-Type Communications 712 References 714 32 LTE-Advanced Performance and Future Developments 715 Takehiro Nakamura and Tetsushi Abe 32.1 LTE-Advanced System Performance  715 32.2 Future Developments  718 References  720 Index 721

About the Author :
Dr Stefania Sesia, NXP semiconductors, Valbonne, France Dr Sesia joined Philips/NXP Semiconductor Research and Development center in Sophia Antipolis, France in 2005. She has been participating to 3GPPRAN 4 and RAN 1 standardization meetings and is the author of several international IEEE conference and journal papers, inventor of numerous US and European patents, and contributions to 3GPP. Her research interests are in the field of communication theory and coding theory and well as system level aspects. Dr Issam Toufik, NXP semiconductors, Valbonne, France Dr Toufik is currently a Research and Development Engineer at NXP semiconductors, Sophia Antipolis, France. His current research interests are in the area of digital communications, MIMO-OFDM systems, multiple-access, resource allocation, and implementation aspects of digital communication systems. He is the author of several international IEEE conference and journal papers and inventor of numerous patents related to OFDM-MIMO systems.