Modulation and Coding Techniques in Wireless Communications

The high level of technical detail included in standards specifications can make it difficult to find the correlation between the standard specifications and the theoretical results. This book aims to cover both of these elements to give accessible information and support to readers. It explains the current and future trends on communication theory and shows how these developments are implemented in contemporary wireless communication standards. Examining modulation, coding and multiple access techniques, the book is divided into two major sections to cover these functions. The two-stage approach first treats the basics of modulation and coding theory before highlighting how these concepts are defined and implemented in modern wireless communication systems. Part 1 is devoted to the presentation of main L1 procedures and methods including modulation, coding, channel equalization and multiple access techniques. In Part 2, the uses of these procedures and methods in the wide range of wireless communication standards including WLAN, WiMax, WCDMA, HSPA, LTE and cdma2000 are considered. An essential study of the implementation of modulation and coding techniques in modern standards of wireless communication Bridges the gap between the modulation coding theory and the wireless communications standards material Divided into two parts to systematically tackle the topic - the first part develops techniques which are then applied and tailored to real world systems in the second part Covers special aspects of coding theory and how these can be effectively applied to improve the performance of wireless communications systems

Table of Contents:
About the Editors xi List of Contributors xiii Acknowledgements xv Introduction xvii 1 Channel Models and Reliable Communication 1 Evgenii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, and Jussi Poikonen 1.1 Principles of Reliable Communication 1 1.2 AWGN 2 1.2.1 Baseband Representation of AWGN 2 1.2.2 From Sample SNR to Eb /N0 5 1.3 Fading Processes in Wireless Communication Channels 6 1.3.1 Large-Scale Fading (Path Loss) 7 1.3.2 Medium-Scale Fading (Shadowing) 10 1.3.3 Small-Scale Fading (Multipath Propagation) 11 1.4 Modelling Frequency-Nonselective Fading 14 1.4.1 Rayleigh and Rice Distributions 14 1.4.2 Maximum Doppler Frequency Shift 15 1.4.3 Wide-Sense Stationary Stochastic Processes 15 1.4.4 Rayleigh and Rice Models for Frequency-Nonselective Fading 15 1.4.5 SNR in Rayleigh Fading Channels 17 1.5 WSSUS Models for Frequency-Selective Fading 18 1.5.1 Basic Principles 18 1.5.2 Definitions 19 References 19 2 Modulation 21 Sergei Semenov 2.1 Basic Principles of Bandpass Modulation 21 2.1.1 The Complex Representation of a Bandpass Signal 22 2.1.2 Representation of Signal with Basis Functions 27 2.1.3 Pulse Shaping 31 2.1.4 Matched Filter 35 2.2 PSK 38 2.2.1 BPSK 38 2.2.2 QPSK 43 2.2.3 M-PSK 47 2.2.4 DPSK 48 2.2.5 OQPSK 50 2.2.6 π/4-QPSK 51 2.3 MSK 54 2.3.1 GMSK 54 2.4 QAM 60 2.5 OFDM 66 References 81 3 Block Codes 83 Grigorii Kabatiansky, Evgenii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, and Sergei Semenov 3.1 Main Definitions 83 3.2 Algebraic Structures 86 3.3 Linear Block Codes 94 3.4 Cyclic Codes 98 3.5 Bounds on Minimum Distance 114 3.6 Minimum Distance Decoding 119 3.7 Information Set Decoding 120 3.8 Hamming Codes 128 3.9 Reed-Solomon Codes 131 3.10 BCH Codes 133 3.11 Decoding of BCH Codes 135 3.12 Sudan Algorithm and Its Extensions 139 3.13 LDPC Codes 146 3.13.1 LDPC Constructions 148 3.13.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes 154 References 157 4 Convolutional Codes and Turbo-Codes 161 Sergei Semenov and Andrey Trofimov 4.1 Convolutional Codes Representation and Encoding 161 4.2 Viterbi Decoding Algorithm 169 4.2.1 Hard Decision Viterbi Algorithm 170 4.2.2 Soft Decision Viterbi Algorithm 174 4.3 List Decoding 178 4.4 Upper Bound on Bit Error Probability for Viterbi Decoding 178 4.5 Sequential Decoding 183 4.5.1 Stack Algorithm 184 4.5.2 Fano Algorithm 187 4.6 Parallel-Concatenated Convolutional Codes and Soft Input Soft Output Decoding 190 4.7 SISO Decoding Algorithms 195 4.7.1 MAP Algorithm and Its Variants 195 4.7.2 Soft-In/Soft-Out Viterbi Algorithm (SOVA) 201 References 205 4.a Modified Chernoff Bound and Some Applications 206 Andrey Trofimov References 219 5 Equalization 221 Sergei Semenov 5.1 Equalization with Filtering 222 5.1.1 Zero-Forcing Equalization 226 5.1.2 MMSE Equalization 228 5.1.3 DFE 233 5.2 Equalization Based on Sequence Estimation 239 5.2.1 MLSE Equalization 239 5.2.2 Sphere Detection 242 5.3 RAKE Receiver 251 5.4 Turbo Equalization 254 5.5 Performance Comparison 259 References 261 6 ARQ 263 Evgenii Krouk 6.1 Basic ARQ Schemes 263 6.1.1 Basic Concepts 263 6.1.2 Stop-and-Wait ARQ 265 6.1.3 ARQ with N Steps Back (Go Back N, GBN) 267 6.1.4 ARQ with Selective Repeat (SR) 268 6.2 Hybrid ARQ 269 6.2.1 Type-I Hybrid ARQ (Chase Combining) 269 6.2.2 Type-II Hybrid ARQ (Full IR) 270 6.2.3 Type-III Hybrid ARQ (Partial IR) 273 References 275 7 Coded Modulation 277 Andrey Trofimov 7.1 Principle of Coded Modulation 277 7.1.1 Illustrative Example 280 7.2 Modulation Mapping by Signal Set Partitioning 282 7.3 Ungerboeck Codes 285 7.4 Performance Estimation of TCM System 287 7.4.1 Squared Distance Structure of PSK and QAM Constellations 287 7.4.2 Upper Bound on Error Event Probability and Bit Error Probability for TCM 289 References 299 8 MIMO 301 Andrei Ovchinnikov and Sergei Semenov 8.1 MIMO Channel Model 301 8.1.1 Fading in Narrowband Channels 301 8.1.2 Fading Countermeasures: Diversity 303 8.1.3 MIMO Channel model 306 8.2 Space-Time Coding 310 8.2.1 Maximum Ratio Combining 310 8.2.2 Definition of Space-Time Codes 311 8.2.3 Space-Time Codes with Two Transmit Antennas 312 8.2.4 Construction Criteria for Space-Time Codes 314 8.3 Orthogonal Designs 317 8.3.1 Real Orthogonal Designs 317 8.3.2 Complex Orthogonal Designs 319 8.3.3 Decoding of Space-Time Codes 323 8.3.4 Error Probability for Orthogonal Space-Time Codes 326 8.4 Space-Time Trellis Codes 327 8.4.1 Space-Time Trellis Codes 327 8.4.2 Space-Time Turbo Trellis Codes 330 8.5 Differential Space-Time Codes 334 8.6 Spatial Multiplexing 337 8.6.1 General Concepts 337 8.6.2 V-BLAST 339 8.6.3 D-BLAST 341 8.6.4 Turbo-BLAST 342 8.7 Beamforming 344 References 348 9 Multiple Access Methods 351 Dmitry Osipov, Jarkko Paavola, and Jussi Poikonen 9.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 353 9.1.1 Spectral Reuse 355 9.1.2 OFDMA 356 9.1.3 SC-FDMA 358 9.1.4 WDMA 359 9.2 Time Division Multiple Access 359 9.3 Code Division Multiple Access 360 9.3.1 Direct-Sequence CDMA 360 9.3.2 Frequency-Hopping CDMA 366 9.4 Advanced MA Methods 367 9.4.1 Multicarrier CDMA 367 9.4.2 Random OFDMA 368 9.4.3 DHA-FH-CDMA 369 9.5 Random Access Multiple Access Methods 371 9.6 Conclusions 376 References 376 10 Standardization in IEEE 802.11, 802.16 381 Tuomas Laine, Zexian Li, Andrei Malkov, and Prabodh Varshney 10.1 IEEE Overview 381 10.2 Standard Development Process 384 10.3 IEEE 802.11 Working Group 385 10.4 IEEE 802.16 Working Group 386 10.5 IEEE 802.11 388 10.5.1 Overview and Scope 388 10.5.2 Frequency Plan 388 10.5.3 Reference Model 389 10.5.4 Architecture 390 10.5.5 802.11a 391 10.5.6 802.11b 392 10.5.7 802.11g 394 10.5.8 802.11n 395 10.5.9 Future Developments 397 10.6 IEEE 802.16x 398 10.6.1 Key PHY Features of the IEEE 802.16e 398 10.6.2 IEEE 802.16m 400 References 428 11 Standardization in 3GPP 429 Asbjørn Grøvlen, Kari Hooli, Matti Jokimies, Kari Pajukoski, Sergei Semenov, and Esa Tiirola 11.1 Standardization Process and Organization 429 11.1.1 General 429 11.1.2 Organization of 3GPP 430 11.1.3 Organization of TSG RAN 430 11.1.4 Standardization Process 431 11.1.5 3GPP Releases 432 11.1.6 Frequency Bands and 3GPP Releases 433 11.1.7 RAN Specifications 433 11.2 3G WCDMA 433 11.2.1 WCDMA Concept. Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 434 11.2.2 Logical and Transport Channels 435 11.2.3 Physical Channels 440 11.2.4 Coding, Spreading and Modulation 459 11.2.5 Cell Search 476 11.2.6 Power Control Procedures 476 11.2.7 Handover Procedures 479 11.2.8 Transmit Diversity 486 11.3 3.5G HSDPA/HSUPA 490 11.3.1 HSDPA 490 11.3.2 HSUPA 536 11.3.3 CPC 574 11.4 4G LTE 577 11.4.1 LTE Downlink 577 11.4.2 LTE Uplink 592 References 602 12 CDMA2000 and Its Evolution 605 Andrei Ovchinnikov 12.1 Development of 3G CDMA2000 Standard 605 12.1.1 IS-95 Family of Standards (cdmaOne) 605 12.1.2 IS-2000 Family of Standards 606 12.2 Reverse Channel of Physical Layer in CDMA2000 Standard 611 12.2.1 Reverse Channel Structure 611 12.2.2 Forward Error Correction (FEC) 612 12.2.3 Codeword Symbols Repetition 615 12.2.4 Puncturing 618 12.2.5 Block Interleaving 618 12.2.6 Orthogonal Modulation and Orthogonal Spreading 619 12.2.7 Direct Sequence Spreading and Quadrature Spreading 619 12.2.8 Frame Quality Indicator 622 12.3 Forward Channel of Physical Layer in CDMA2000 Standard 623 12.3.1 Forward Channel Structure 623 12.3.2 Forward Error Correction 625 12.3.3 Codeword Symbols Repetition 629 12.3.4 Puncturing 630 12.3.5 Block Interleaving 630 12.3.6 Sequence Repetition 630 12.3.7 Data Scrambling 630 12.3.8 Orthogonal and Quasi-Orthogonal Spreading 631 12.3.9 Quadrature Spreading 631 12.3.10 Frame Quality Indicator 631 12.4 Architecture Model of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard 631 12.4.1 Structure of Physical Layer Packet 632 12.4.2 FCS Computation 632 12.5 Access Terminal of the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard 633 12.5.1 Power Control 633 12.5.2 Reverse Channel Structure 633 12.5.3 Modulation Parameters and Transmission Rates 634 12.5.4 Access Channel 634 12.5.5 Reverse Traffic Channel 636 12.5.6 Encoding 640 12.5.7 Channel Interleaving and Repetition 641 12.5.8 Quadrature Spreading 641 12.6 Access Network of the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard 643 12.6.1 Forward Channel Structure 643 12.6.2 Modulation Parameters and Transmission Rates 645 12.6.3 Pilot Channel 645 12.6.4 Forward MAC Channel 645 12.6.5 Control Channel 647 12.6.6 Forward Traffic Channel 647 12.6.7 Time-Division Multiplexing 651 12.6.8 Quadrature Spreading 651 References 654 Index 655