LTE, WiMAX and WLAN Network Design, Optimization and Performance Analysis

A technological overview of LTE and WiMAX LTE, WiMAX and WLAN Network Design, Optimization and Performance Analysis provides a practical guide to LTE and WiMAX technologies introducing various tools and concepts used within. In addition, topics such as traffic modelling of IP-centric networks, RF propagation, fading, mobility, and indoor coverage are explored; new techniques which increase throughput such as MIMO and AAS technology are highlighted; and simulation, network design and performance analysis are also examined. Finally, in the latter part of the book Korowajczuk gives a step-by-step guide to network design, providing readers with the capability to build reliable and robust data networks. By focusing on LTE and WiMAX this book extends current network planning approaches to next generation wireless systems based on OFDMA, providing an essential resource for engineers and operators of fixed and wireless broadband data access networks. With information presented in a sequential format, LTE, WiMAX and WLAN Network Design, Optimization and Performance Analysis aids a progressive development of knowledge, complementing latter graduate and postgraduate courses while also providing a valuable resource to network designers, equipment vendors, reference material, operators, consultants, and regulators. Key Features: One of the first books to comprehensively explain and evaluate LTE Provides an unique explanation of the basic concepts involved in wireless broadband technologies and their applications in LTE, WiMAX, and WLAN before progressing to the network design Demonstrates the application of network planning for LTE and WiMAX with theoretical and practical approaches Includes all aspects of system design and optimization, such as dynamic traffic simulations, multi-layered traffic analysis, statistical interference analysis, and performance estimations

Table of Contents:
List of Figures xix List of Tables xxxv About the Author xli Preface xliii Acknowledgements xlv List of Abbreviations xlvii Introduction 1 1 The Business Plan 5 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Market Plan 5 1.3 The Engineering Plan 7 1.4 The Financial Plan 8 1.5 Business Case Questionnaire 11 1.6 Implementing the Business Plan 12 2 Data Transmission 15 2.1 History of the Internet 15 2.2 Network Modeling 16 2.3 Internet Network Architecture 19 2.4 The Physical Layer 20 2.5 The Data Link Layer 22 2.6 Network Layer 24 2.7 Transport Protocols 28 2.8 Routing Protocols 29 2.9 Application Protocols 31 2.10 The World Wide Web (WWW) 35 3 Market Modeling 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Data Traffic Characterization 38 3.3 Service Plan (SP) and Service Level Agreement (SLA) 41 3.4 User Service Classes 43 3.5 Applications 44 3.6 Over-Subscription Ratio (OSR) 50 3.7 Services Summary 51 3.8 RF Environment 51 3.9 Terminals 52 3.10 Antenna Height 58 3.11 Geographic User Distribution 58 3.12 Network Traffic Modeling 63 3.13 KPI (Key Performance Indicator) Establishment 72 3.14 Wireless Infrastructure 74 4 Signal Processing Fundamentals 77 4.1 Digitizing Analog Signals 77 4.2 Digital Data Representation in the Frequency Domain (Spectrum) 80 4.3 Orthogonal Signals 84 4.4 Combining Shifted Copies of a Sine Wave 86 4.5 Carrier Modulation 87 5 RF Channel Analysis 95 5.1 The Signal 95 5.2 The RF Channel 101 5.3 RF Signal Propagation 102 5.4 RF Channel in the Frequency Domain 107 5.5 RF Channel in Time Domain 115 5.6 RF Channel in the Power Domain 120 5.7 Standardized Channel Models 123 5.8 RF Environment 126 5.9 Fading 128 6 RF Channel Performance Prediction 139 6.1 Advanced RF Propagation Models 139 6.2 RF Measurements and Propagation Model Calibration 163 6.3 RF Interference Issues 172 6.4 Interference Mitigation Techniques 180 6.5 RF Spectrum Usage and Resource Planning 181 6.6 Availability 187 7 OFDM 193 7.1 Multiplexing 193 7.2 Other PAPR Reduction Methods 201 7.3 De-Multiplexing 201 7.4 Cyclic Prefix 202 7.5 OFDMA 203 7.6 Duplexing 204 7.7 Synchronization 207 7.8 RF Channel Information Detection 208 7.9 Error Correction Techniques 211 7.10 Resource Allocation and Scheduling 215 7.11 Establishing Wireless Data Communications 216 8 OFDM Implementation 221 8.1 Transmit Side 221 8.2 Receive Side 228 9 Wireless Communications Network (WCN) 235 9.1 Introduction 235 9.2 Wireless Access Network 235 9.3 Core Network 237 10 Antenna and Advanced Antenna Systems 245 10.1 Introduction 245 10.2 Antenna Basics 246 10.3 Antenna Radiation 247 10.4 Antenna Types 249 10.5 Antenna Characteristics 254 10.6 Multiple Antennas Arrangements 262 10.7 Receive Diversity 267 10.8 Transmit Diversity 271 10.9 Transmit and Receive Diversity (TRD) 275 10.10 Spatial Multiplexing (Matrix B) 276 10.11 Diversity Performance 278 10.12 Antenna Array System (AAS), Advanced Antenna System (AAS) or Adaptive Antenna Steering (AAS) or Beamforming 282 11 Radio Performance 287 11.1 Introduction 287 11.2 Input RF Noise 288 11.3 Receive Circuit Noise 288 11.4 Signal to Noise Ratio 288 11.5 Radio Sensitivity Calculations 295 11.6 Radio Configuration 307 12 Wireless LAN 311 12.1 Standardization 311 12.2 Architecture 315 12.3 The IEEE Std 802.11-2007 316 12.4 Enhancements for Higher Throughputs, Amendment 5: 802.11n-2009 328 12.5 Work in Progress 333 12.6 Throughput 334 13 WiMAX 341 13.1 Standardization 341 13.2 Network Architecture 344 13.3 Physical Layer (PHY) 353 13.4 Multiple Access OFDMA 369 13.5 WiMAX Network Layers 370 13.6 WiMAX Operation Phases 384 13.7 WiMAX Interference Reduction Techniques 386 13.8 WiMAX Resource Planning 401 14 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System – Long Term Evolution (UMTS-LTE) 409 14.1 Introduction 409 14.2 Standardization 412 14.3 Frequency Bands 415 14.4 Architecture 417 14.5 Wireless Message Flow and Protocol Stack 424 14.6 Wireline Message Flow and Protocol Stacks 433 14.7 Identifiers 434 14.8 HARQ Procedure 435 14.9 Scrambling Sequences 439 14.10 Physical Layer (PHY) 439 14.11 PHY Structure 444 14.12 PHY TDD 457 14.13 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) 457 14.14 Call Placement Scenario 461 14.15 PHY Characteristics and Performance 463 14.16 Multiple Antennas in LTE 466 14.17 Resource Planning in LTE 472 14.18 Self-Organizing Network (SON) 473 14.19 RAT (Radio Access Technology) Internetworking 475 14.20 LTE Radio Propagation Channel Considerations 475 14.21 Handover Procedures in LTE 481 14.22 Measurements 482 14.23 LTE Practical System Capacity 483 14.24 Synchronization 486 14.25 Beyond 4G 486 15 Broadband Standards Comparison 489 15.1 Introduction 489 15.2 Performance Tables 489 16 Wireless Network Design 513 16.1 Introduction 513 16.2 Wireless Market Modeling 513 16.3 Wireless Network Strategy 515 16.4 Wireless Network Design 516 16.5 Wireless Network Optimization 517 16.6 Wireless Network Performance Assessment 517 17 Wireless Market Modeling 519 17.1 Findings Phase 519 17.2 Area of Interest (AoI) Modeling 519 17.3 Terrain Databases (GIS Geographic Information System) 519 17.4 Demographic Databases 530 17.5 Service Modeling 533 17.6 Environment Modeling 536 17.7 User Terminal Modeling 537 17.8 Service Class Modeling 538 17.9 User Distribution Modeling 542 17.10 Traffic Distribution Modeling 551 18 Wireless Network Strategy 553 18.1 Define Spectrum Usage Strategy 553 18.2 Deployment Strategy 555 18.3 Core Equipment 555 18.4 Base Station Equipment 555 18.5 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) 563 18.6 Link Budget 565 18.7 Backhaul Equipment 565 18.8 Land Line Access Points of Presence (PoP) 570 18.9 List of Available Site Locations 570 19 Wireless Network Design 573 19.1 Field Measurement Campaign 573 19.2 Measurement Processing 575 19.3 Propagation Models and Parameters 579 19.4 Site Location 582 19.5 Run Initial Site Predictions 586 19.6 Static Traffic Simulation 593 19.7 Adjust Design for Area and Traffic Coverage 595 19.8 Configure Backhaul Links and Perform Backhaul Predictions 595 19.9 Perform Signal Level Predictions with Extended Radius 597 20 Wireless Network Optimization 599 20.1 Cell Enhancement or Footprint Optimization 599 20.2 Resource Optimization 603 21 Wireless Network Performance Assessment 615 21.1 Perform Dynamic Traffic Simulation 615 21.2 Performance 620 21.3 Perform Network Performance Predictions 625 21.4 Backhaul Links Performance 655 21.5 Analyze Performance Results, Analyze Impact on CAPEX, OPEX and ROI 661 22 Basic Mathematical Concepts Used in Wireless Networks 663 22.1 Circle Relationships 663 22.2 Numbers and Vectors 665 22.3 Functions Decomposition 668 22.4 Sinusoids 670 22.5 Fourier Analysis 674 22.6 Statistical Probability Distributions 676 Appendix: List of Equations 689 Further Reading 697 Index 701