About the Book
This book summarizes and explains the main approaches to age estimation in the living, defining when a parameter may be of use and raising awareness of its limitations. This text ensures that practitioners recognize when an assessment is beyond their area of expertise or beyond verification depending upon the clinical data available. Each key approach to age evaluation has been allotted a single chapter, written by an international leader in the particular field. The book also includes summary chapters that relay readily accessible data for use by the practitioner, and includes important “ageing milestones." This book is indispensable where problems of immigration and legal standing, juvenile vs. adult criminal status, and responsibilities of law enforcement to protect vulnerable persons are key issues on a daily basis. Medical practitioners, forensic practitioners such as pathology, odontology, anthropology and nursing, lawyers, and police would find this book incredibly useful.
Table of Contents:
Foreword. Preface. Glossary of Abbreviations. 1 An Introduction to the History of Age Estimation in the Living ( Andreas Schmeling and Sue Black ). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Dental Development. 1.3 Skeletal Maturation. 1.4 Secondary Sexual Development. 1.5 Conclusion. References. 2 Immigration, Asylum Seekers and Undocumented Identity ( Heather Law, Lorraine Mensah, Sue Bailey and Julia Nelki ). 2.1 Asylum Seeker to Refugee. References. 3 Clinical and Legal Requirements for Age Determination in the Living ( Philip Beh and Jason Payne-James ). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Contrasts between Age Assessment in the Living and the Deceased. 3.3 Reasons for Age Estimation of Bodies and Human Remains. 3.4 Reasons for Age Estimation of Living Individuals. 3.5 Assessment Techniques. 3.6 How Age May Be Specifically Documented. 3.7 Birth Certificates. 3.8 Identity Cards. 3.9 Driving Licence. 3.10 Passports. 3.11 Age Verification Cards. 3.12 Other Documents. 3.13 Medical Issues. 3.13.1 Duties to Examinee. 3.14 Communication. 3.15 Summary and Conclusions. References. 4 Legal Implications of Age Determination: Consent and Other Issues ( George Fernie and Jason Payne-James ). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Principles of Practice. 4.3 Duties of the Examining Practitioner. 4.4 Criminal Issues in Age Determination in the Living. 4.5 Practical Implications. 4.6 Summary. References. 5 The Challenges of Psychological Assessments of Maturity ( Julia Nelki, Pete Grady, Sue Bailey and Heather Law ). 5.1 Introduction. 5.1.1 Current Status in the UK. 5.2 Need for Determination of Maturity. 5.3 Psychological Maturity as a Concept. 5.3.1 Child Development. 5.3.2 Middle Childhood. 5.3.3 Adolescence. 5.3.4 Ethical Framework. 5.4 Current Practice. 5.5 Suggestions for a Framework for Good Practice. 5.5.1 Setting. 5.6 Summary and Conclusion. Appendix 5.A Proposed Framework, Based on Common Assessment Framework (Department of Schools Families and Children, 2007). References. 6 Principles of Physical Age Estimation ( Sue Black and George Maat ). 6.1 Intra-uterine Growth and Development. 6.2 Birth and Infancy. 6.3 Childhood. 6.4 Juvenile. 6.5 Adolescence. 6.6 Adult. 6.7 Senescence. 6.8 Summary. 6.9 Growth Studies. References. 7 Growth, Maturation and Age ( Noel Cameron and Laura L. Jones ). 7.1 Growth, Maturation and Age. 7.1.1 The Concept of Time. 7.1.2 Maturity Indicators. 7.1.3 Maturational Variation. 7.1.4 Uneven Maturation. 7.1.5 Sexual Dimorphism. 7.1.6 Maturity and Size. 7.2 Assessment of Maturation. 7.2.1 Skeletal Maturity. 7.2.2 Dental Maturity. 7.2.3 Secondary Sexual Development. 7.2.4 Independence of Methods. 7.3 Secular Trends. 7.4 Worldwide Variation in the Timing of Maturation. 7.4.1 Secondary Sexual Development. 7.4.2 Dental Development. 7.4.3 Skeletal Development. 7.5 Factors Associated with the Timing of Maturation. 7.5.1 Genetic Variability. 7.5.2 Demographic Factors. 7.5.3 Biological Factors. 7.5.4 Environmental Factors. 7.6 Summary. References. 8 Practical Imaging Techniques for Age Evaluation ( Andreas Schmeling, Sven Schmidt, Ronald Schulz, Andreas Olze, Walter Reisinger and Volker Vieth ). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Radiation Exposure in X-ray Examinations for the Purpose of Age Estimation. 8.3 Radiological Examination of the Hand. 8.4 Radiological Examination of the Teeth. 8.5 Radiological Examination of the Clavicles. 8.6 Summary and Conclusions. References. 9 External Soft Tissue Indicators of Age from Birth to Adulthood ( Anil Aggrawal, Puneet Setia, Avneesh Gupta, and Anthony Busuttil ). 9.1 Growth Patterns. 9.2 Anthropometric Parameters in Children. 9.2.1 Growth Charts. 9.2.2 Developmental Milestones. 9.3 Pubertal Changes. 9.3.1 Stages of Pubic Hair Development Derived from Tanner (1962). 9.3.2 Stages of Axillary Hair Development Derived from Tanner (1962). 9.3.3 Stages of Development of Male Genitalia Derived from Tanner (1962). 9.3.4 Stages of breast development as derived from Tanner (1962). 9.3.5 Age of Menarche. 9.4 Areas of New Research. 9.5 Conclusion. References. 10 Age Evaluation and Odontology in the Living ( Jane Taylor and Matthew Blenkin ). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Overview of the Development of the Dentition. 10.3 Techniques of Dental Age Estimation. 10.4 The Sub-adult Dentition. 10.4.1 Sub-adult: Physical/Anatomical. 10.4.2 Sub-adult: Radiographic. 10.4.3 Sub-adult: Destructive. 10.5 The Adult Dentition. 10.5.1 Adult: Physical. 10.5.2 Adult: Radiographic. 10.5.3 Adult: Destructive. 10.6 Summary. References. 11 Age Evaluation from the Skeleton ( S. Lucina Hackman, Alanah Buck and S. Black ). 11.1 Background. 11.2 Fetal Age. 11.3 Birth. 11.4 Juvenile/Child. 11.5 Age Estimation from the Skeleton in Living Adults. 11.6 Medial Clavicle. 11.7 Sternal Ribs and Costal Cartilages. 11.8 Pelvis. 11.9 Skull Sutural Closure. 11.10 Laryngeal Cartilages. 11.11 Other General Ageing Features. 11.12 Summary. References. 12 Age Evaluation after Growth Cessation ( Anil Aggrawal, Puneet Setia, Avneesh Gupta and Anthony Busuttil ). 12.1 Background. 12.2 Consent. 12.3 Radiology. 12.3.1 Pubic Bones. 12.3.2 Long Bones. 12.3.3 Skull Sutures. 12.3.4 Costal Cartilages. 12.3.5 Vertebrae. 12.3.6 Laryngeal Cartilages. 12.4 Odontology. 12.5 Soft Tissues of Face. 12.6 Genetics in Age Estimation. 12.7 Physiological and Biochemical Parameters for Age Estimation. 12.8 Areas of Future Research. 12.8.1 Small Long Bones. 12.8.2 Scapula. 12.8.3 Others. 12.8.4 Histology. 12.9 Conclusion. References. 13 The Presentation of Results and Statistics for Legal Purposes ( David Lucy ). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Evidence and Intelligence. 13.3 Statistical Methods in Age Estimation. 13.4 Classical, or Frequentist, Approaches. 13.5 Bayesian Approaches. 13.6 The Relevance to Age Estimation. 13.7 Likelihood Ratio Approaches. 13.8 Errors of Interpretation. 13.9 Concluding Comments. Appendix 13.A Age-Related Data from Gustafson (1950). References. 14 Key Practical Elements for Age Estimation in the Living ( Sue Black, Jason Payne-James and Anil Aggrawal ). 14.1 The Four Pillars of Age Estimation. 14.1.1 Pillar 1: Social and Psychological Evaluation. 14.1.2 Pillar 2: External Estimation of Age. 14.1.3 Pillar 3: Skeletal Estimation of Age. 14.1.4 Pillar 4: Dental Estimation of Age. 14.2 Conclusion. Index.
About the Author :
Professor Sue Black, OBE BSc PhD DSc FRSE, Head of Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
Professor Sue Black is one of the worlds leading experts in Forensic Anthropology. She has received many accolades throughout her distinguished professional career including an OBE presented by Her Britannic Majesty for services to Forensic Anthropology in 2001. Professor Black developed the first undergraduate training course in forensic anthropology and the first postgraduate course in human identification in the UK. She is very well known to the media and has taken part in several television, radio and other media related programmes. Professor Anil Aggrawal, Professor of Forensic Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
Professor Aggrawal is also founder and Editor-in-Chief of Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. The journal is in its 8th year of publication and draws more than 2000 visitors daily from all over the world.
Jason Payne-James, Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd, Essex, UK
Jason Payne James is a forensic physician appointed as a Forensic Medical Examiner to the Metropolitan Police Service and City of London Police. His work embraces four main areas drawing on his extensive medical, legal, forensic and education/writing expertise -- legal and clinical forensic aspects of medicine; clinical nutrition; gastroenterology. He is a prolific author/writer. Jason Payne James established a company, with others; Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd (www.forensic-healthcare.com) a company providing expert witnesses (www.experts4law.com) for the criminal and civil systems and other bodies, and which also provides training in these areas.
Review :
"I strongly recommend this book to anyone interested in human growth and development, or any of the many factors that influence the timing of human maturation." ( The American Journal of Human Biology , 2012 ) "All in all, a very useful book. I would highly recommend this book not only to all forensic physicians, but to everyone practicing in this field. I would imagine that his book would be highly useful for lawyers, police, medical and dental practitioners, forensic scientists. I would also recommend this book to all undergraduate and postgraduate law and medical students preparing for forensic medicine examinations." (Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 1 January 2011) "The book is of value by advising not only what can or should be done in certain situations, but by also stating what ought not to be done ... yhis publication will, I believe be of great value to the many professionals engaged in this field world wide, and will also be an excellent reference tool." (Internet Law Book Reviews, 2011) "Medical researchers explain some of the approaches used to estimate the age of people who for some reason or another do not know their age, or who are trying to conceal their age. They begin by setting out the nature of the problem, in chapters on immigration, asylum seekers, and undocumented identity; clinical and legal requirements for age determination in the living; and consent issues and other legal implications of age determination. Then they consider biological matters such as challenges of the psychological assessment of maturity; principles of physical age estimation; growth, maturation, and age; practical imaging techniques for age estimation; external soft tissue indicators of age from birth to adulthood; odontology in the living; the skeleton; age evaluation after growth cessation; presenting results and statistics for legal purposes; and key practical elements for age estimation in the living. (Annotation (c)2011 Book News Inc. Portland, OR)" ( Reference and Research Book News, February 2011) "I would recommend this book to any individual that was responsible for determining age of subjects for legal requirements. The authors have created a very organized text to aid in verifying scientific methods used in age determination. I thank the authors for going the extra mile and creating such a complete text for use in forensic investigations." ( Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology , January 2011) "This subject area of Age Assessment in the Living needed this book; it fills a void in the field to a very high standard." ( King's College London , January 2011)
