Photonic Sensing: Principles and Applications for Safety and Security Monitoring(Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering)

PHOTONIC SENSING A cutting-edge look at safety and security applications of photonic sensors With its many superior qualities, photonic sensing technology is increasingly used in early-detection and early-warning systems for biological hazards, structural flaws, and security threats. Photonic Sensing provides for the first time a comprehensive review of this exciting and rapidly evolving field, focusing on the development of cutting-edge applications in diverse areas of safety and security, from biodetection to biometrics. The book brings together contributions from leading experts in the field, fostering effective solutions for the development of specialized materials, novel optical devices, and networking algorithms and platforms. A number of specific areas of safety and security monitoring are covered, including background information, operation principles, analytical techniques, and applications. Topics include: Document security and structural integrity monitoring, as well as the detection of food pathogens and bacteria Surface plasmon sensors, micro-based cytometry, optofluidic techniques, and optical coherence tomography Optic fiber sensors for explosive detection and photonic liquid crystal fiber sensors for security monitoring Photonics-assisted frequency measurement with promising electronic warfare applications An invaluable, multidisciplinary resource for researchers and professionals in photonic sensing, as well as safety and security monitoring, this book will help readers jump-start their own research and development in areas of physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, mechanics, electronics, and defense.

Table of Contents:
Preface xi Contributors xiii 1 Surface Plasmons for Biodetection 1 Pavel Adam, Marek Piliarik, Hana Šípová, Tomáš Špringer, Milan Vala, and Jiří Homola 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Principles of SPR Biosensors 2 1.2.1 Surface Plasmons 2 1.2.2 Excitation of Surface Plasmons 4 1.2.3 Sensors Based on Surface Plasmons 7 1.2.4 SPR Affinity Biosensors 8 1.2.5 Performance Characteristics of SPR Biosensors 9 1.3 Optical Platforms for SPR Sensors 12 1.3.1 Prism-Based SPR Sensors 12 1.3.2 SPR Sensors Based on Grating Couplers 20 1.3.3 SPR Sensors Based on Optical Waveguides 23 1.3.4 Commercial SPR Sensors 25 1.4 Functionalization Methods for SPR Biosensors 26 1.4.1 Functional Layers 27 1.4.2 Attachment of Receptors to Functional Surfaces 29 1.4.3 Molecular Recognition Elements 34 1.5 Applications of SPR Biosensors 35 1.5.1 Detection Formats 35 1.5.2 Medical Diagnostics 36 1.5.3 Environmental Monitoring 36 1.5.4 Food Quality and Safety 38 1.6 Summary 45 References 45 2 Microchip-Based Flow Cytometry in Photonic Sensing: Principles and Applications for Safety and Security Monitoring 59 Benjamin R. Watts, Zhiyi Zhang, and Chang-Qing Xu 2.1 Introduction 59 2.2 Microchip-Based Flow Cytometry 61 2.3 Microchip-Based Flow Cytometry with Integrated Optics 66 2.4 Applications 73 2.5 Conclusion 81 References 83 3 Optofluidic Techniques for the Manipulation of Micro Particles: Principles and Applications to Bioanalyses 89 Honglei Guo, Gaozhi Xiao, and Jianping Yao 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 Optofluidic Techniques for the Manipulation of Particles 90 3.2.1 Fiber-Based Optofluidic Techniques 91 3.2.2 Near-Field Optofluidic Techniques 96 3.2.3 Optical Chromatography Techniques: Axial-Type and Cross-Type 102 3.3 Enhancing Optical Manipulation with a Monolithically Integrated on-Chip Structure 104 3.4 Applications 110 3.5 Conclusion 112 Acknowledgments 114 References 114 4 Optical Fiber Sensors and Their Applications for Explosive Detection 119 Jianjun Ma and Wojtek J. Bock 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 A Brief Review of Existing Fiber-Optic-Based Explosive Detectors 123 4.3 High Performance Fiber-Optic Explosive Detector Based on the AFP Thin Film 129 4.3.1 Optimizing Fiber-Optic Explosive Detector Architecture 129 4.3.2 Experimental Demonstration of Fluorescent Quenching Detection and Discussion 130 4.3.3 Unique Advantage of the Optimized Detector—Dramatically Increased Fluorescence Collection through the End-Face-TIR Process 134 4.4 Generating High Quality Polymer Film—Pretreatment with Adhesion Promoter 137 4.5 Effect of Photodegradation on AFP Polymer 138 4.6 Optimizing Polymer Concentration for Optimized AFP-Film Thickness 138 4.7 Explosive Vapor Preconcentration and Delivery 139 4.7.1 Adsorption/Desorption Zone 40 141 4.7.2 Equilibrium Zone 46 142 4.7.3 Chromatography Zone 52 142 4.7.4 Preconditioning Zone 60 142 4.7.5 Sensing Zone 42 142 4.8 Future Directions and Conclusions 143 References 144 5 Photonic Liquid Crystal Fiber Sensors for Safety and Security Monitoring 147 Tomasz Wolinski 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 Materials and Experimental Setups 149 5.3 Principle of Operation 153 5.3.1 Mechanism of Propagation in a PLCF 153 5.3.2 LC Arrangement in PCF 154 5.4 Tuning Possibility 157 5.4.1 Thermal Tuning 157 5.4.2 Electrical Tuning 159 5.4.3 Pressure Tuning 162 5.4.4 Optical Tuning 164 5.4.5 Birefringence Tuning 166 5.5 Photonic Devices 172 5.5.1 Electrically Tuned Phase Shifter 173 5.5.2 Thermally/electrically Tuned Optical Filters 174 5.5.3 Electrically Controlled PLCF-based Polarizer 175 5.5.4 Thermally Tunable Attenuator 175 5.6 Photonic Liquid Crystal Fiber Sensors for Sensing and Security 176 5.7 Conclusion 178 Acknowledgments 178 References 179 6 Miniaturized Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Systems for Potential Air Vehicle Structural Health Monitoring Applications 183 Honglei Guo, Gaozhi Xiao, Nezih Mrad, and Jianping Yao 6.1 Introduction 183 6.2 Spectrum Fixed AWG-Based FBG Sensor System 186 6.2.1 Operation Principle 186 6.2.2 Applications 188 6.3 Spectrum Tuning AWG-/EDG-Based FBG Sensor Systems 190 6.3.1 Principle of Spectrum Tuning AWG 191 6.3.2 Applications of Spectrum Tuning PLC 194 6.4 Dual Function EDG-Based Interrogation Unit 215 6.5 Conclusion 219 Acknowledgments 220 References 220 7 Optical Coherence Tomography for Document Security and Biometrics 225 Shoude Chang, Youxin Mao, and Costel Flueraru 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 Principle of OCT 229 7.2.1 Coherence Gate 229 7.2.2 Time Domain and Fourier Domain OCT 230 7.2.3 Full-Field OCT (FF-OCT) 232 7.3 OCT Systems: Hardware and Software 233 7.3.1 OCT Systems and Components 233 7.3.2 Algorithms Used in OCT Signal/Image Processing 236 7.4 Sensing Through Volume: Applications 242 7.4.1 Security Data Storage and Retrieval 242 7.4.2 Internal Biometrics for Fingerprint Recognition 244 7.5 Summary and Conclusion 251 References 252 8 Photonics-Assisted Instantaneous Frequency Measurement 259 Shilong Pan and Jianping Yao 8.1 Introduction 259 8.2 Frequency Measurement Using an Optical Channelizer 261 8.2.1 Optical Phased Array WDM 262 8.2.2 Free-Space Diffraction Grating 264 8.2.3 Phase-Shifted Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating Arrays 265 8.2.4 Integrated Optical Bragg Grating Fabry–Perot Etalon 266 8.3 Frequency Measurement Based on Power Monitoring 266 8.3.1 Chromatic-Dispersion-Induced Microwave Power Penalty 267 8.3.2 Break the Lower Frequency Bound 273 8.3.3 IFM Based on Photonic Microwave Filters with Complementary Frequency Responses 277 8.3.4 First-Order Photonic Microwave Differentiator 280 8.3.5 Optical Power Fading Using Optical Filters 284 8.4 Other Methods for Frequency Measurement 287 8.4.1 Fabry–Perot Scanning Receiver 287 8.4.2 Photonic Hilbert Transform 287 8.4.3 Monolithically Integrated EDG 289 8.4.4 Incoherent Frequency-to-Time Mapping 290 8.5 Challenges and Future Prospects 291 8.6 Conclusion 292 References 292 Index 297