Bioprocessing Technologies in Biorefinery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers

Sets the stage for large-scale production of biofuels and bio-based chemicals In response to diminishing supplies as well as the environmental hazards posed by fossil fuels and petrochemicals, interest and demand for green, sustainable biofuels and bio-based chemicals are soaring. Biomass may be the solution. It is an abundant carbon-neutral renewable feedstock that can be used for the production of fuels and chemicals. Currently, biorefineries use corn, soybeans, and sugarcane for bioethanol and biodiesel production; however, there are many challenges facing biorefineries, preventing biomass from reaching its full potential. This book provides a comprehensive review of bioprocessing technologies that use lignocellulosic biomass for the production of biofuels, biochemicals, and biopolymers. It begins with an overview of integrated biorefineries. Next, it covers: Biomass feedstocks, including sugar, starch, oil, and energy crops as well as microalgae Pretreatment technologies for lignocellulosic biomass Hydrolytic enzymes used in biorefineries for the hydrolysis of starch and lignocelluloses Bioconversion technologies for current and future biofuels such as ethanol, biodiesel, butanol, hydrogen, and biogas Specialty chemicals, building block chemicals, and biopolymers produced via fermentation Phytochemicals and functional food ingredients extracted from plant materials All the chapters have been written and edited by leading experts in bioprocessing and biorefining technologies. Contributions are based on a thorough review of the literature as well as the authors' firsthand experience developing and working with bioprocessing technologies. By setting forth the current state of the technology and pointing to promising new directions in research, Bioprocessing Technologies in Biorefinery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers will enable readers to move towards large-scale, sustainable, and economical production of biofuels and bio-based chemicals.

Table of Contents:
Preface xvii Contributors xix 1 Integrated Biorefi nery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers 1 Shang-Tian Yang and Mingrui Yu 2 The Outlook of Sugar and Starch Crops in Biorefinery 27 Klanarong Sriroth and Kuakoon Piyachomkwan 3 Novel and Traditional Oil Crops and Their Biorefinery Potential 47 Johann Vollmann and Margit Laimer 4 Energy Crops 61 Walter Zegada-Lizarazu and Andrea Monti 5 Microalgae as Feedstock for Biofuels and Biochemicals 79 Dong Wei 6 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 91 Tae Hyun Kim 7 Amylases: Characteristics, Sources, Production, and Applications 111 Hesham A. El-Enshasy, Yasser R. Abdel Fattah, and Nor Zalina Othman 8 Cellulases: Characteristics, Sources, Production, and Applications 131 Xiao-Zhou Zhang and Yi-Heng Percival Zhang 9 Xylanases: Characteristics, Sources, Production, and Applications 147 Evangelos Topakas, Gianni Panagiotou, and Paul Christakopoulos 10 Lignin-Degrading Enzymes: An Overview 167 Rajni Hatti-Kaul and Victor Ibrahim 11 Advances in Lignocellulosic Bioethanol 193 Reeta Rani Singhania, Parameswaran Binod, and Ashok Pandey 12 Biodiesel Properties and Alternative Feedstocks 205 Bryan R. Moser 13 Biological Production of Butanol and Higher Alcohols 235 Jingbo Zhao, Congcong Lu, Chih-Chin Chen, and Shang-Tian Yang 14 Advancement of Biohydrogen Production and Its Integration with Fuel Cell Technology 263 Jong-Hwan Shin and Tai Hyun Park 15 Biogas Technology 279 Günter Busch 16 Production of Lactic Acid and Polylactic Acid for Industrial Applications 293 Nuttha Thongchul 17 Production of Succinic Acid from Renewable Resources 317 Jongho Yi, Sol Choi, Min-Sun Han, Jeong Wook Lee, and Sang Yup Lee 18 Propionic Acid Fermentation 331 Zhongqiang Wang, Jianxin Sun, An Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang 19 Anaerobic Fermentations for the Production of Acetic and Butyric Acids 351 Shang-Tian Yang, Mingrui Yu, Wei-Lun Chang, and I-Ching Tang 20 Production of Citric, Itaconic, Fumaric, and Malic Acids in Filamentous Fungal Fermentations 375 Kun Zhang, Baohua Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang 21 Biotechnological Development for the Production of 1,3-Propanediol and 2,3-Butanediol 399 Youngsoon Um and Kyung-Duk Kim 22 Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Biomass Refining 415 Jian Yu 23 Microbial Production of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid 427 Zhinan Xu, Huili Zhang, Hao Chen, Feng Shi, Jin Huang, Shufang Wang, and Cunjiang Song 24 Refining Food Processing By-Products for Value-Added Functional Ingredients 441 Kequan Zhou, Yuting Zhou, and Y. Martin Lo About the Editors 449 Index 451

About the Author :
SHANG-TIAN YANG, PhD, is Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at The Ohio State University as well as Director of the Ohio Bioprocessing Research Consortium. Cofounder of two biotechnology startup companies, Dr. Yang has conducted research in bioprocess engineering, fermentation, biocatalysis, cell and tissue engineering, metabolic engineering, and functional genomics. HESHAM A. EL-ENSHASY, PhD, is Professor of Bioprocess Engineering and is Assistant Director for Research and Innovation for the Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD) at Universiti Tecknologi Malaysia. Dr. El-Enshasy is also Professor at City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Egypt. NUTTHA THONGCHUL, PhD, is Assistant Professor at the Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering and Adjunct Professor in the Biotechnology Program at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.