Human Physiology

Human Physiology is an integrated solution to the challenges students encounter when enrolled in a Human Physiology course. Incorporating digital and print content, this program supports students’ understanding of core physiological concepts while building the critical thinking skills that will prepare them for success in their future careers. The 1st edition of Human Physiology is an integrated solution to the challenges students encounter when enrolled in a Human Physiology course. Incorporating digital and print content, this program supports students’ understanding of core physiological concepts while building the critical thinking skills that will prepare them for success in their future careers. Critical thinking exercises help students apply their knowledge of physiology by asking them to address real-life situations and guiding them through the logical progression of thought processes needed to answer them. Making connections through Primary Literature helps students make connections to real-world applications. 3-D Physiology is a state-of-the-art animation series on the most difficult physiological concepts for you to teach and your students to learn. PowerPhys 3.0 is physiological simulation software authored by teaching lab faculty. The activities focus on core physiological concepts and reinforce techniques experienced in the lab.

Table of Contents:
1 An Introduction to Physiology 1 1.1 Physiology Defi ned 2 1.2 Levels of Organization in the Body 2 1.3 Life Processes 5 1.4 Homeostasis 5 1.5 Physiology as a Science 11 1.6 Key Themes of Physiology 14 2 Chemical Composition of the Body 19 2.1 How Matter Is Organized 20 2.2 Chemical Bonds 23 2.3 Chemical Reactions 28 2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 28 2.5 Organic Compounds 33 3 Cells 56 3.1 Components of a Cell 57 3.2 The Plasma Membrane 58 3.3 Cytoplasm 60 3.4 Nucleus 68 3.5 Gene Expression 70 3.6 Cell Division 74 3.7 Cellular Diversity 78 3.8 Organization of Cells into Tissues 79 4 Metabolism 95 4.1 An Overview of Metabolism 96 4.2 Energy and Metabolism 96 4.3 Enzymes 98 4.4 Role of ATP in Metabolism 103 4.5 Carbohydrate Metabolism 109 4.6 Lipid Metabolism 117 4.7 Protein Metabolism 118 4.8 Nutrition and Metabolism 120 5 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 128 5.1 Selective Permeability of the Plasma Membrane 129 5.2 Gradients Across the Plasma Membrane 130 5.3 Classifi cation of Membrane Transport Processes as Passive or Active 131 5.4 Passive Transport 132 5.5 Active Transport 140 5.6 Vesicular Transport 145 5.7 Transepithelial Transport 148 6 Cell Signaling 156 6.1 Methods of Cell-to-Cell 6.2 Extracellular Chemical Messengers 158 6.3 Receptors 162 6.4 Signal Transduction Pathways 166 6.5 Comparison of the Nervous and Endocrine Systems 182 7 The Nervous System and Neuronal Excitability 187 7.1 Overview of the Nervous System 188 7.2 Cells of the Nervous System 190 7.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 196 7.4 Signal Transmission at Synapses 218 7.5 Neurotransmitters 226 7.6 Neural Circuits 231 8 The Central Nervous System 238 8.1 Spinal Cord 239 8.2 Brain 244 8.3 Integrative Functions of the Cerebrum 260 9 Sensory Systems 275 9.1 Overview of Sensation 276 9.2 The Somatic Sensory System 286 9.3 The Olfactory System 298 9.4 The Gustatory System 301 9.5 The Visual System 304 9.6 The Auditory and Vestibular Systems 322 10 Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems 341 10.1 Autonomic Nervous System 342 10.2 Somatic Nervous System 356 11 Muscle 364 11.1 Overview of Muscle 365 11.2 Organization of Skeletal Muscle 367 11.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 375 11.4 ATP Production in Skeletal Muscle 383 11.5 Skeletal Muscle Mechanics 385 11.6 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 392 11.7 Cardiac Muscle 394 11.8 Smooth Muscle 396 11.9 Regeneration of Muscle 402 12 Control of Body Movement 411 12.1 Overview of Motor Control 412 12.2 Local Level of Motor Control 413 12.3 Control of Movement by the Cerebral Cortex 419 12.4 Control of Movement by the Brain Stem 422 12.5 The Basal Nuclei and Motor Control 424 12.6 Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum 426 13 The Endocrine System 432 13.1 Overview of the Endocrine System 433 13.2 Pituitary Gland 440 13.3 Thyroid Gland 452 13.4 Parathyroid Glands 455 13.5 Adrenal Glands 457 13.6 Pineal Gland 461 13.7 Pancreas 463 13.8 Ovaries and Testes 469 13.9 Other Endocrine Organs and Tissues 469 13.10 Endocrine Control of Growth 472 13.11 The Stress Response 475 14 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 484 14.1 Basic Design of the Cardiovascular System 485 14.2 Organization of the Heart 488 14.3 Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac Conduction System 495 14.4 The Cardiac Cycle 506 14.5 Cardiac Output 508 14.6 Exercise and the Heart 517 15 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics 524 15.1 Overview of the Vasculature 525 15.2 Capillary Exchange and Lymphatics 531 15.3 Hemodynamics 536 15.4 Control of Blood Flow 546 15.5 Regulation of Mean Arterial Pressure 552 15.6 Shock and Homeostasis 556 16 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood 565 16.1 Overview of Blood 566 16.2 Erythrocytes 570 16.3 Leukocytes 576 16.4 Platelets 577 16.5 Hemostasis 577 16.6 Blood Groups and Blood Types 584 17 The Immune System 593 17.1 Components of the Immune System 594 17.2 Innate Immunity 596 17.3 Adaptive Immunity 602 18 The Respiratory System 625 18.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 626 18.2 Ventilation 632 18.3 Lung Volumes and Capacities 640 18.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 643 18.5 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 646 18.6 Control of Ventilation 653 18.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 657 19 The Urinary System 664 19.1 Overview of Kidney Functions 665 19.2 Organization of the Kidneys 665 19.3 Overview of Renal Physiology 668 19.4 Glomerular Filtration 669 19.5 Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion 675 19.6 Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine 684 19.7 Evaluation of Kidney Function 688 19.8 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 693 19.9 Waste Management in Other Body Systems 695 20 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Homeostasis 702 20.1 Fluid Compartments and 20.2 Electrolytes in Body Fluids 708 20.3 Acid–Base Balance 710 21 The Digestive System 721 21.1 Overview of the Digestive System 722 21.2 Mouth 727 21.3 Pharynx and Esophagus 729 21.4 Stomach 732 21.5 Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder 736 21.6 Small Intestine 740 21.7 Large Intestine 750 21.8 Phases of Digestion 753 21.9 Transport of Lipids by Lipoproteins 755 22 Metabolic Adaptations, Energy Balance, and Temperature Regulation 764 22.1 Metabolic Adaptations 765 22.2 Energy Balance 769 22.3 Regulation of Body Temperature 773 23 The Reproductive Systems 781 23.1 Reproductive Cell Division 782 23.2 Male Reproductive System 784 23.3 Female Reproductive System 794 23.4 The Human Sexual Response 804 23.5 Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation 804 23.6 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 809 23.7 Pregnancy and Labor 809 23.8 Contraception and Abortion 820 23.9 Infertility 822

About the Author :
Bryan Derrickson is Professor of Biology at Valencia Community College in Orlando, Florida, where he teaches human anatomy and physiology as well as general biology and human sexuality. He received his bachelor's degree in biology from Morehouse College and his Ph.D. in Cell Biology from Duke University. Bryan's study at Duke was in the Physiology Division within the Department of Cell Biology, so while his degree is in Cell Biology his training focused on physiology. At Valencia, he frequently serves on faculty hiring committees. He has served as a member of the Faculty Senate, which is the governing body of the college, and as a member of the Faculty Academy Committee (now called the Teaching and Learning Academy), which sets the standards for the acquisition of tenure by faculty members. Nationally, he is a member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) and the National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT).