Design of Reinforced Concrete

With its accessible approach and streamlined coverage of theory, engineers will quickly learn how to apply the concepts in the eighth edition. The contents have been updated to conform to the 2008 building code of the American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-08). New spreadsheets are included that arm the reader with tools to analyze and design reinforced concrete elements and quickly compare alternative solutions. A new chapter on seismic design explores the issues related to the design of reinforced concrete structures to resist earthquakes. The new materials section also provides engineers with details and examples on how to design shear walls for combined axial load and bending moment.

Table of Contents:
Preface Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Concrete and Reinforced Concrete 1 1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material 1 1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material 2 1.4 Historical Background 3 1.5 Comparison of Reinforced Concrete and Structural Steel for Buildings and Bridges 5 1.6 Compatibility of Concrete and Steel 6 1.7 Design Codes 7 1.8 SI Units and Shaded Areas 7 1.9 Types of Portland Cement 8 1.10 Admixtures 9 1.11 Properties of Reinforced Concrete 10 1.12 Aggregates 17 1.13 High-Strength Concretes 18 1.14 Fiber-Reinforced Concretes 20 1.15 Concrete Durability 21 1.16 Reinforcing Steel 21 1.17 Grades of Reinforcing Steel 24 1.18 Bar Sizes and Material Strengths 25 1.19 Corrosive Environments 26 1.20 Identifying Marks on Reinforcing Bars 26 1.21 Introduction to Loads 28 1.22 Dead Loads 28 1.23 Live Loads 28 1.24 Environmental Loads 30 1.25 Selection of Design Loads 32 1.26 Calculation Accuracy 33 1.27 Impact of Computers on Reinforced Concrete Design 34 Chapter 2. Flexural Analysis of Beams 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Cracking Moment 38 2.3 Elastic Stresses-Concrete Cracked 40 2.4 Ultimate or Nominal Flexural Moments 46 2.5 Example Problem Using SI Units 49 2.6 Computer Spreadsheets 50 Chapter 3. Strength Analysis of Beams According to ACI Code 63 3.1 Design Methods 63 3.2 Advantages of Strength Design 64 3.3 Structural Safety 64 3.4 Derivation of Beam Expressions 65 3.5 Strains in Flexural Members 68 3.6 Balanced Sections, Tension-Controlled Sections, and Compression-Controlled or Brittle Sections 69 3.7 Strength Reduction or f Factors 70 3.8 Minimum Percentage of Steel 72 3.9 Balanced Steel Percentage 73 3.10 Example Problems 74 3.11 Computer Example 77 Chapter 4. Design of Rectangular Beams and One-Way Slabs 79 4.1 Load Factors 79 4.2 Design of Rectangular Beams 81 4.3 Beam Design Examples 86 4.4 Miscellaneous Beam Considerations 92 4.5 Determining Steel Area When Beam Dimensions Are Predetermined 93 4.6 Bundled Bars 95 4.7 One-Way Slabs 96 4.8 Cantilever Beams and Continuous Beams 99 4.9 SI Example 100 4.10 Computer Example 101 Chapter 5. Analysis and Design of T Beams and Doubly Reinforced Beams 109 5.1 T Beams 111 5.2 Analysis of T Beams 111 5.3 Another Method for Analyzing T Beams 115 5.4 Design of T Beams 116 5.5 Design of T Beams for Negative Moments 122 5.6 L-Shaped Beams 124 5.7 Compression Steel 124 5.8 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams 129 5.9 SI Examples 132 5.10 Computer Examples 134 Chapter 6. Serviceability 150 6.1 Introduction 150 6.2 Importance of Deflections 150 6.3 Control of Deflections 151 6.4 Calculation of Deflections 153 6.5 Effective Moments of Inertia 153 6.6 Long-Term Deflections 156 6.7 Simple-Beam Deflections 158 6.8 Continuous-Beam Deflections 160 6.9 Types of Cracks 166 6.10 Control of Flexural Cracks 167 6.11 ACI Code Provisions Concerning Cracks 171 6.12 Miscellaneous Cracks 172 6.13 SI Example 172 6.14 Computer Examples 173 Chapter 7. Bond, Development Lengths, and Splices 180 7.1 Cutting Off or Bending Bars 180 7.2 Bond Stresses 183 7.3 Development Lengths for Tension Reinforcing 186 7.4 Development Lengths for Bundled Bars 194 7.5 Hooks 195 7.6 Development Lengths for Welded Wire Fabric in Tension 199 7.7 Development Lengths for Compression Bars 200 7.8 Critical Sections for Development Length 202 7.9 Effect of Combined Shear and Moment on Development Lengths 202 7.10 Effect of Shape of Moment Diagram on Development Lengths 203 7.11 Cutting Off or Bending Bars (Continued) 204 7.12 Bar Splices in Flexural Members 207 7.13 Tension Splices 208 7.14 Compression Splices 209 7.15 Headed and Mechanically Anchored Bars 210 7.16 SI Example 211 7.17 Computer Example 212 Chapter 8. Shear and Diagonal Tension 219 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams 219 8.3 Lightweight Concrete 220 8.4 Shear Strength of Concrete 221 8.5 Shear Cracking of Reinforced Concrete Beams 222 8.6 Web Reinforcement 223 8.7 Behavior of Beams with Web Reinforcement 225 8.8 Design for Shear 226 8.9 ACI Code Requirements 228 8.10 Example Shear Design Problems 233 8.11 Economical Spacing of Stirrups 243 8.12 Shear Friction and Corbels 243 8.13 Shear Strength of Members Subjected to Axial Forces 246 8.14 Shear Design Provisions for Deep Beams 248 8.15 Introductory Comments on Torsion 249 8.16 SI Example 251 8.17 Computer Example 252 Chapter 9. Introduction to Columns 257 9.1 General 257 9.2 Types of Columns 258 9.3 Axial Load Capacity of Columns 260 9.4 Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns 261 9.5 Code Requirements for Cast-in-Place Columns 264 9.6 Safety Provisions for Columns 266 9.7 Design Formulas 266 9.8 Comments on Economical Column Design 266 9.9 Design of Axially Loaded Columns 269 9.10 SI Example 271 9.11 Computer Example 272 Chapter 10. Design of Short Columns Subject to Axial Load and Bending 275 10.1 Axial Load and Bending 275 10.2 The Plastic Centroid 276 10.3 Development of Interaction Diagrams 278 10.4 Use of Interaction Diagrams 283 10.5 Code Modifications of Column Interaction Diagrams 285 10.6 Design and Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded Columns Using Interaction Diagrams 287 10.7 Shear in Columns 295 10.8 Biaxial Bending 296 10.9 Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns 300 10.10 Discussion of Capacity Reduction Factor, f 303 10.11 Computer Example 305 Chapter 11. Slender Columns 311 11.1 Introduction 311 11.2 Nonsway and Sway Frames 311 11.3 Slenderness Effects 312 11.4 Determining k Factors with Alignment Charts 315 11.5 Determining k Factors with Equations 317 11.6 First-Order Analyses Using Special Member Properties 318 11.7 Slender Columns in Nonsway or Sway Frames 319 11.8 ACI Code Treatment of Slenderness Effects 322 11.9 Magnification of Column Moments in Nonsway Frames 322 11.10 Magnification of Column Moments in Sway Frames 327 11.11 Analysis of Sway Frames 330 11.12 Computer Examples 336 Chapter 12. Footings 341 12.1 Introduction 341 12.2 Types of Footings 341 12.3 Actual Soil Pressures 342 12.4 Allowable Soil Pressures 345 12.5 Design of Wall Footings 346 12.6 Design of Square Isolated Footings 351 12.7 Footings Supporting Round or Regular Polygon-Shaped Footings 357 12.8 Load Transfer from Columns to Footings 358 12.9 Rectangular Isolated Footings 362 12.10 Combined Footings 364 12.11 Footing Design for Equal Settlements 370 12.12 Footings Subjected to Lateral Moments 372 12.13 Transfer of Horizontal Forces 375 12.14 Plain Concrete Footings 376 12.15 SI Example 378 12.16 Computer Examples 379 Chapter 13. Retaining Walls 385 13.1 Introduction 385 13.2 Types of Retaining Walls 385 13.3 Drainage 387 13.4 Failures of Retaining Walls 390 13.5 Lateral Pressures on Retaining Walls 390 13.6 Footing Soil Pressures 395 13.7 Design of Semigravity Retaining Walls 396 13.8 Effect of Surcharge 399 13.9 Estimating the Sizes of Cantilever Retaining Walls 400 13.10 Design Procedure for Cantilever Retaining Walls 405 13.11 Cracks and Wall Joints 416 Chapter 14. Continuous Reinforced Concrete Structures 422 14.1 Introduction 422 14.2 General Discussion of Analysis Methods 422 14.3 Qualitative Influence Lines 423 14.4 Limit Design 426 14.5 Limit Design under the ACI Code 433 14.6 Preliminary Design of Members 436 14.7 Approximate Analysis of Continuous Frames for Vertical Loads 436 14.8 Approximate Analysis of Continuous Frames for Lateral Loads 444 14.9 Computer Analysis of Building Frames 450 14.10 Lateral Bracing for Buildings 450 14.11 Development Length Requirements for Continuous Members 451 Chapter 15. Torsion 462 15.1 Introduction 462 15.2 Torsional Reinforcing 463 15.3 The Torsional Moments That Have to Be Considered in Design 466 15.4 Torsional Stresses 467 15.5 When Torsional Reinforcing is Required by the ACI 468 15.6 Torsional Moment Strength 469 15.7 Design of Torsional Reinforcing 470 15.8 Additional ACI Requirements 471 15.9 Example Problems Using U.S. Customary Units 472 15.10 SI Equations and Example Problem 475 15.11 Computer Example 479 Chapter 16. Two-Way Slabs, Direct Design Method 484 16.1 Introduction 484 16.2 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs 487 16.3 Design of Two-Way Slabs By the ACI Code 487 Contents ix MacCormac-FM-1?10/14/2008 10 16.4 Column and Middle Strips 488 16.5 Shear Resistance of Slabs 489 16.6 Depth Limitations and Stiffness Requirements 492 16.7 Limitations of Direct Design Method 497 16.8 Distribution of Moments in Slabs 498 16.9 Design of An Interior Flat Plate 503 16.10 Placing of Live Loads 508 16.11 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs with Beams 509 16.12 Transfer of Moments and Shears Between Slabs and Columns 515 16.13 Openings in Slab Systems 520 16.14 Computer Examples 521 Problems 522 Chapter 17. Two-Way Slabs, Equivalent Frame Method 524 17.1 Moment Distribution for Nonprismatic Members 524 17.2 Introduction to the Equivalent Frame Method 525 17.3 Properties of Slab Beams 527 17.4 Properties of Columns 530 17.5 Example Problem 531 17.6 Computer Analysis 535 Chapter 18. Walls 538 18.1 Introduction 538 18.2 Non-Load-Bearing Walls 538 18.3 Load-Bearing Concrete Walls-Empirical Design Method 540 18.4 Load-Bearing Concrete Walls-Rational Design 543 18.5 Shear Walls 545 18.6 ACI Provisions for Shear Walls 549 18.7 Economy in Wall Construction 554 18.8 Computer Examples 555 Chapter 19. Prestressed Concrete 558 19.1 Introduction 558 19.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Prestressed Concrete 560 19.3 Pretensioning and Posttensioning 560 19.4 Materials Used for Prestressed Concrete 561 19.5 Stress Calculations 563 19.6 Shapes of Prestressed Sections 567 19.7 Prestess Losses 570 19.8 Ultimate Strength of Prestressed Sections 573 19.9 Deflections 577 19.10 Shear in Prestressed Sections 581 19.11 Design of Shear Reinforcement 582 19.12 Additional Topics 586 19.13 Computer Examples 588 Chapter 20. Formwork 594 20.1 Introduction 594 20.2 Responsibility for Formwork Design 594 20.3 Materials Used for Formwork 595 20.4 Furnishing of Formwork 596 20.5 Economy in Formwork 597 20.6 Form Maintenance 598 20.7 Definitions 599 20.8 Forces Applied to Concrete Forms 601 20.9 Analysis of Formwork for Floor and Roof Slabs 604 20.10 Design of Formwork for Floor and Roof Slabs 613 20.11 Design of Shoring 616 20.12 Bearing Stresses 622 20.13 Design of Formwork for Walls 625 Chapter 21. Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure 629 21.1 Introduction 629 21.2 Maximum Considered Earthquake 630 21.3 Soil Site Class 630 21.4 Occupancy and Importance Factors 632 21.5 Seismic Design Categories 632 21.6 Seismic Design Loads 632 21.7 Detailing Requirements for Different Classes of Reinforce Concrete Moment Frames 638 A. Tables and Graphs: U.S. Customary Units 646 B. Tables in SI Units 682 C. The Strut-and-Tie Method of Design 688