Elements of Tidal-Electric Engineering: (IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems)

The first text to cover all stages of a tidal-electric feasibility study As interest in tidal-electric power generation continues to grow in response to demands for renewable sources of energy, readers can now turn to Elements of Tidal-Electric Engineering for the first comprehensive treatment of the subject. The author, Robert H. Clark, a leader in the field for almost fifty years, has spearheaded several important research projects and consulted with governments and private industries around the world on tidal-electric issues. The focus of this text is the feasibility study. Power engineers gain both the knowledge and the skills needed to accurately determine the feasibility of a proposed tidal power development plan, including: * Major factors to consider in selecting a site for preliminary assessment * Tidal power schemes and mode * Hydraulic and mathematical models of estuaries to predict the estuary's response to physical changes and the effects caused by operation of the proposed plant * Civil works required for tidal power development and the associated tidal generating equipment * Procedures to optimize plant output * Economic evaluation and risk assessment * Environmental impact of proposed construction and operation The book ends with an examination of commercially operating plants and a brief review of sites that have been the subject of investigation in the last half century. References and bibliographies direct readers to primary source material for further study. Until publication of this text, power engineers have had to rely on random journal articles and anecdotal information to perform a feasibility investigation. With the publication of Elements of Tidal-Electric Engineering these engineers have a single, integrated source that methodically covers all the issues.

Table of Contents:
Preface xi Acknowledgments xv 1 Historical Development 1 2 Tidal Phenomenon 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Ocean Tides 8 2.3 Types of Tides 9 2.4 Propagation of Tides in Estuaries 12 2.5 Coriolis Effect 13 2.6 Barrage Effects 13 3 Tidal Power Potential and Site Selection 15 3.1 Hydroelectric Versus Tidal-Electric Developments 15 3.2 Site Potential Estimation 17 3.3 Coefficient of the Tide 19 3.4 Major Factors Influencing Project Economics 20 3.5 Site Selection 20 4 Management and Organization of Investigations 25 4.1 Management 25 4.2 Organization 28 4.3 Feasibility Studies 29 5 Tidal Power Schemes and Modes of Operation 35 5.1 Single-Basin Development, Single-Effect Mode of Operation 35 5.2 Single-Basin Development, Double-Effect Mode of Operation 38 5.3 Pumping to Augment Tidal-Effect 40 5.4 Linked-Basin Developments 42 5.5 Paired-Basin Developments 45 5.6 Retiming of Tidal Energy 45 6 Basic Data 47 6.1 Introduction 47 6.2 General Physiography of the Estuary 48 6.3 Geology 49 6.4 Tides 50 6.5 Waves 54 6.6 Tidal Currents 54 6.7 Suspended and Mobile Sediments 55 6.8 Ecosystem Characteristics 58 7 Hydraulic and Numerical Models in Feasibility Investigations 59 7.1 Introduction 59 7.2 Hydraulic Models 60 7.3 Numerical Models for Estuaries 62 7.4 Hybrid Models 67 7.5 Modeling of Barrier Effects 67 7.6 Mathematical Model for Closure Activities 69 7.7 Utility System Planning and Simulation 69 8 Civil Works for Tidal Power Development 71 8.1 Introduction 71 8.2 Dry Versus Wet Construction 72 8.3 Design Parameters 77 8.4 Caisson Design 80 8.5 Dikes 87 8.6 Construction Schedules 95 9 Electromechanical Equipment for a Tidal Plant 97 9.1 Introduction 97 9.2 Specific Requirements for Tidal Generating Equipment 98 9.3 Types of Turbines 99 9.4 Generators 113 9.5 Electrical Equipment 114 9.6 Transmission 115 10 Optimization of Plant Output 117 10.1 Principal Variables 117 10.2 Energy Production and Optimization 118 10.3 Simulation of Operation 120 10.4 Development of Models 121 10.5 Plant Optimization 124 11 Integration of Output with Electric Utility Systems 129 11.1 Introduction 129 11.2 Absorption of Raw Tidal Energy 132 11.3 Enhancing Raw Tidal Energy Output 137 11.4 System Considerations 141 12 Economic Evaluation 149 12.1 Introduction 149 12.2 Economic Cost Parameters 152 12.3 Economic Analysis 153 12.4 Sensitivity Analysis 155 12.5 Risk Assessment 157 13 Social and Regional Impacts 159 14 Environmental Aspects 165 14.1 Unique Effects 167 14.2 Agricultural Aspects 174 14.3 Floods and Drainage 175 14.4 Birds 176 14.5 Fish and Fisheries 177 14.6 Recreation and Tourism 178 14.7 Transportation 179 14.8 Summary 179 15 Existing Tidal-Electric Developments 183 15.1 La Rance Tidal-Electric Plant 184 15.2 Jiangxia Tidal-Electric Plant 194 15.3 Kislaya Guba Experimental Plant 195 15.4 Annapolis Tidal-Electric Plant 198 16 Potential Developments 207 16.1 Argentina 208 16.2 Australia 211 16.3 Brazil 214 16.4 Canada 215 16.5 Canada–United States 224 16.6 China 226 16.7 France 226 16.8 India 228 16.9 Korea 230 16.10 Mexico 233 16.11 Russian Federation 234 16.12 United Kingdom 238 16.13 United States 242 Appendix A: Tidal Generation Optimization Models 245 Glossary of Terms 255 References 263 Bibliography 275 Index 277

About the Author :
ROBERT H. CLARK, OC, MENG, PENG, has been studying and working with tidal-electric power since the late 1950s, beginning with his work with the International Passamaquoddy Engineering Board. As chief hydraulic engineer with Canada's Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, he led the research into the viability of exploiting the Bay of Fundy's tidal resources. Mr. Clark has been appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada (OC).