Environmental Engineering: Water, Wastewater, Soil and Groundwater Treatment and Remediation

First published in 1958, Salvato's Environmental Engineering has long been the definitive reference for generations of sanitation and environmental engineers. Approaching its fiftieth year of continual publication in a rapidly changing field, the Sixth Edition has been fully reworked and reorganized into three separate, succinct volumes to adapt to a more complex and scientifically demanding field with dozens of specializations. Updated and reviewed by leading experts in the field, this revised edition offers new process and plant design examples and added coverage of such subjects as urban and rural systems. Stressing the practicality and appropriateness of treatment, the Sixth Edition provides realistic solutions for the practicing public health official, water treatment engineer, plant operator, and others in the domestic and industrial waste treatment professions. This volume, Environmental Engineering: Water, Wastewater, Soil and Groundwater Treatment and Remediation, Sixth Edition, covers: Water treatment Water supply Wastewater treatment

Table of Contents:
Preface xiii Contributors xv Chapter 1 Water Supply 1 T. David Chinn Introduction 1 Groundwater Pollution Hazard 3 Travel of Pollution through the Ground 5 Disease Transmission 10 Water Quantity and Quality 10 Water Cycle and Geology 10 Groundwater Flow 13 Groundwater Classification 16 Water Quality 17 Sampling and Quality of Laboratory Data 26 Sanitary Survey and Water Sampling 30 Sampling Frequency 33 Water Analyses 36 Heterotrophic Plate Count—The Standard Plate Count 37 Bacterial Examinations 38 Biological Monitoring 42 Virus Examination 42 Protozoa and Helminths Examination 43 Specific Pathogenic Organisms 43 Physical Examinations 44 Microscopic Examination 46 Chemical Examinations 48 Drinking Water Additives 68 Water Quantity 69 Water Conservation 70 Water Reuse 75 Source and Protection of Water Supply 77 General 77 Groundwater 88 Dug Well 88 Bored Well 89 Driven and Jetted Well 90 Drilled Well 91 Well Development 93 Grouting 96 Well Contamination—Cause and Removal 99 Spring 101 Infiltration Gallery 101 Cistern 103 Domestic Well-Water Supplies—Special Problems 105 Household Treatment Units (Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry) 108 Desalination 111 References 118 Bibliography 126 Chapter 2 Water Treatment 133 T. David Chinn Treatment of Water—Design and Operation Control 133 Introduction 133 Surface Water 134 Treatment Required 135 Disinfection 136 Gas Chlorinator 137 Testing for Residual Chlorine 138 Chlorine Treatment for Operation and Microbiological Control 139 Distribution System Contamination 145 Plain Sedimentation 146 Microstraining 146 Coagulation, Flocculation, and Settling 147 Filtration 149 Slow Sand Filter 149 Rapid Sand (Granular Media) Filter 151 Direct Filtration 157 Pressure Sand Filter 160 Diatomaceous Earth Filter 160 Package Water Treatment Plant 161 Water Treatment Plant Wastewater and Sludge 162 Causes of Tastes and Odors 162 Control of Microorganisms 163 Zebra Mussel and Its Control 169 Aquatic Weed Control 169 Other Causes of Tastes and Odors 170 Methods to Remove or Reduce Objectionable Tastes and Odors 172 Iron and Manganese Occurrence and Removal 182 Corrosion Cause and Control 187 Removal of Inorganic Chemicals 197 Prevention and Removal of Organic Chemicals 201 Water System Design Principles 205 Water Quantity 205 Design Period 206 Watershed Runoff and Reservoir Design 206 Intakes and Screens 208 Pumping 209 Distribution Storage Requirements 210 Peak Demand Estimates 213 Distribution System Design Standards 217 Small Distribution Systems 220 Fire Protection 220 Cross-Connection Control 222 Hydropneumatic Systems 226 Pumps 231 Displacement Pump 231 Centrifugal Pump, Also Submersible and Turbine 233 Jet Pump 235 Air-Lift Pump 235 Hydraulic Ram 236 Pump and Well Protection 237 Pump Power and Drive 237 Automatic Pump Control 239 Water Hammer 239 Rural Water Conditions in the United States 240 Design of a Household Water System 242 Examples 242 Design of Small Water Systems 242 Design of a Camp Water System 255 Water System Cost Estimates 255 Cleaning and Disinfection 257 Wells and Springs 258 Pipelines 260 Storage Reservoirs and Tanks 261 Emergency Water Supply and Treatment 262 Boiling 263 Chlorination 263 Iodine 266 Filtration in an Emergency 267 Bottled, Packaged, and Bulk Water 267 References 269 Bibliography 278 Chapter 3 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal 283 John R. Kiefer Disease Hazard 283 Criteria for Proper Wastewater Disposal 285 Definitions 285 Small Wastewater Disposal Systems 288 Wastewater Characteristics 289 Soil Characteristics 289 Soil Suitability 290 Pollutant Travel from Septic Systems 291 Soil Percolation Test 291 Sewage Flow Estimates 293 Septic Tank 295 Care of Septic Tank and Subsurface Absorption Systems 299 Subsurface Soil Absorption Systems 301 Absorption Field System 301 Leaching Pit 305 Cesspool 305 Dry Well 306 Small Wastewater Disposal Systems for Unsuitable Soils or Sites 308 General 308 Modified Septic Tank Soil Absorption System 308 Example 309 Capillary Seepage Trench 309 Raised Bed Absorption-Evapotranspiration System 310 Septic Tank Sand Filter System 312 Aerobic Sewage Treatment Unit 315 Septic Tank Mound System 315 Example 1 317 Electric Osmosis System 318 Septic Tank Evapotranspiration System 318 Example 2 320 Water Conservation 321 Sewage Works Design—Small Treatment Plants 322 Disinfection 322 Physical-Chemical Treatment 326 Sedimentation 326 Coagulation/Flocculation 326 Filtration 327 Activated Carbon Adsorption 328 Biological Treatment 328 Wastewater Reuse 334 Wastewater Aerosol Hazard 335 Wastewater Disposal by Land Treatment 336 Advanced Wastewater Treatment 341 Typical Designs for Small Treatment Plants 344 Standard-Rate Trickling Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank 344 High-Rate Trickling Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank 346 Intermittent Sand Filter Plant with Imhoff Tank or Septic Tank 347 Design of Large Treatment Plants 347 Biosolids Treatment and Disposal 352 Cost of Sewage Treatment 357 Industrial Wastes 360 Hazardous and Toxic Liquid Wastes 360 Pretreatment 362 References 363 Bibliography 367 Index 371

About the Author :
The Late NELSON L. NEMEROW, PHD, was an environmental engineering and water consultant. He was a professor at the University of Miami and the former head of Environmental Engineering at Syracuse University. He published over 210 technical papers and twenty-three textbooks. FRANKLIN J. AGARDY, PHD, is founding partner of Forensic Management Associates. As a civil engineering professor, he developed San Jose State's graduate program in sanitary engineering. He has written, coauthored, or coedited seven textbooks. PATRICK SULLIVAN, PHD, is founding partner of Forensic Management Associates. Prior to his forensics career, he was a senior environmental analyst at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. He has written, coauthored, or coedited five textbooks. The Late JOSEPH A. SALVATO served as a sanitary and public health engineer consultant and assistant commissioner in the Division of Sanitary Engineering for the New York State Department of Health. He was also a Fellow of the ASCE and the APHA and adjunct associate professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.