About the Book
Nondestructive Testing involves the use of methods such as wave propagation, electromagnetism, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity to test structural integrity and thereby allow nondestructive assessment of structures and the possibility of structural failures before they occur. Nondestructive Testing of Deep Foundations covers different techniques designed to provide information about the integrity and quality of the material that makes up a deep foundation.
Nondestructive Testing methods are used at all stages of a structure's life - from new construction quality control to residual lifetime prediction, and even during the monitoring of demolition. In addition, Nondestructive Testing is being increasingly specified in deep foundation projects, though often without a good understanding of its limitations and with the result that methods are often misused. In order to be able to specify an appropriate method, or to recognize an inappropriate specification, it is necessary for the engineer, specifier and/or contractor to understand the capabilities and limitations of each of the methods currently in use.
Nondestructive Testing of Deep Foundations:
Describes the most commonly used deep foundation construction techniques, including typical use of material
Provides a brief history of the development of commercially available nondestructive methods
Summarises each method's capabilities and limitations
Acts as a one stop reference drawing together resources only previously available in conference proceedings and journal papers
This manual will prove to be a welcome addition to the bookshelf of all practitioners in civil/structural and geotechnical engineering and architecture. It will also provide a valuable insight into this highly technical field for university researchers, lecturers and postgraduate students in civil/structural and geotechnical engineering.
Table of Contents:
FOREWORD. PREFACE.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
PHOTOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS.
1. INTRODUCTION AND A BRIEF HISTORY.
1.1Introduction.
1.2A Brief History of Deep Foundations and the Advent of NDT.
1.3Deep Foundation Failures and ND.
1.4 Deficiencies in Existing Foundations.
2. Deep Foundation Construction Methods.
2.1Driven Piles – Timber, Steel and Concrete.
2.2Caissons and Drilled Shafts.
2.3Diaphragm Walls, Cut-off Walls and Barrettes.
2.4Augured, Cast-in-place Pile.
2.5 Micropiles or Minipiles.
2.6Stone Columns and other Soil Improvement Techniques.
3. HOW SOILS AFFECT THE CHOICE OF FOUNDATION.
4. TRADITIONAL, VISUAL AND NEW INSPECTION METHODS FOR DEEP FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION.
1.1 Driven Piles.
4.2 Augured Cast-in-place Piles.
4.3Drilled Shafts.
4.4The Inspector’s Role.
5. A REVIEW OF FULL-SCALE LOAD-TESTING TECHNIQUES.
5.1Static Load-test Techniques – Axial Compression.
5.2Static Load-test Techniques – Axial Tension.
5.3Static Load-test Techniques – Lateral.
6. HIGH-STRAIN TESTING FOR CAPACITY AND/OR INTEGRITY.
6.1High-strain Dynamic (Drop-weight) Testing of Driven Piles.
6.2High-strain Testing of Drilled Shafts and Augered,Cast-in-place Piles.
6.3Modification of Shaft Head for High-strain Tests.
6.4Practical Considerations for Drop-weight Techniques.
6.5HSDT Alternatives.
6.6Limitations of High-strain Dynamic Testing.
7. LOW-STRAIN SURFACE TESTS – SONIC ECHO.
7.1Sonic Echo (Impulse Echo).
8. SONIC MOBILITY (IMPULSE RESPONSE).
8.1Principles of Impulse–Response Curve Interpretation.
8.2Practical Considerations.
8.3Classification of Signal Responses.
8.4Pile Simulation Techniques.
8.5Time Domain–Velocity Reflectors.
9. THE IMPEDANCE-LOG ANALYSIS.
10.LOW-STRAIN DOWN-HOLE TESTS.
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Cross-Hole Sonic Logging.
10.3Cross-Hole Tomography.
10.4 Single-Hole Sonic Logging.
10.5Gamma–Gamma Logging.
10.6Parallel Seismic Testing.
11. FIELD MOCK-UPS OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS: CLASS-A PREDICTIONS.
12. THE RELIABILITY OF PILE SHAFT INTEGRITY TESTING.
12.1 Statistical NDT Sampling Schemes.
12.2 Methodology Reliability.
13. CURRENT RESEARCH.
13.1 Developments in Measurements and Analysis.
13.2Electrical Methods.
13.3Optical Techniques.
13.4Guided Wave Analysis.
13.5Statistical Analysis.
13.6Self-consolidating Concrete.
13.7Acceptable Vibration Levels.
13.8Automated Monitoring Systems.
13.9Wireless Acquisition Systems.
13.10Smart’ Structures.
14. THE PLACE OF NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY.
14.1Nondestructive Testing and Load and Resistance Factor Design.
14.2Setting Up an Effective Quality Management Program.
14.3Who’s Testing the Tester?.
14.4Acceptance Criteria.
14.5 Evaluating Defects.
APPENDIX I. STRESS-WAVE PROPAGATION IN CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES.
Unknown Mechanical Impedance at its Base.
APPENDIX II. CONTACT ADDRESSES.
APPENDIX III. STANDARDS REFERRED TO IN THIS BOOK.
APPENDIX IV. SAMPLE SPECIFICATIONS FOR NDT METHODS FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS.
REFERENCES.
INDEX.
About the Author :
BERNARD H. HERTLEIN, M.ASCE
Bernard Hertlein started his professional career as a mechanical engineering student but soon realized that he had a natural affinity for electronics. After working professionally with automotive electronic systems and pursuing audio engineering as a hobby for several years, he migrated through audio engineering to instrumentation of civil engineering structures and finally to nondestructive testing. After joining Testconsult, the English subsidiary of the French National Center for Building and Civil Engineering Research (CEBTP), Mr Hertlein became deeply involved with the development of both the software and the hardware for several nondestructive test techniques for deep foundations that are now in common use worldwide. He worked on construction testing projects throughout Europe, HongKong, parts of North Africa and the United States, eventually settling in the United States, where he and Allen Davis introduced the Cross-hole Sonic-Logging technique, the Parallel-Seismic test and the Impulse-Response (Sonic-Mobility) test in the mid 1980s. In 1992, Mr Hertlein joined STS Consultants, based inVernon Hills, Illinois, where he has continued to design and build test equipment and research new applications for the test techniques that he had helped to introduce to the United States. Mr Hertlein is an active member of several key professional societies. At the time of writing this book, he is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Chairman of the Nondestructive and In-place Testing Committee of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM C9-64), Chairman of the Testing and Evaluation Committee of the Deep Foundations Institute, and Secretary of the Nondestructive Testing Committee of the American Concrete Institute (ACI 228). He also serves as a member of ACI Committee 336: Footings, Mats and Drilled Piers, ASTM Committee C9-47:Self-Consolidating Concrete, D18-11: Deep Foundations and G9-14: Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel. Mr Hertlein has written numerous conference papers and journal articles. He is a regular member of the faculty for the International Association of Foundation Drilling(ADSC-IAFD) Drilled Shaft Inspector’s School and a frequent lecturer at other educational seminars presented byACI International, ADSC regional chapters, the ASCE Geo-Institute and the Deep Foundations Institute.
ALLEN G. DAVIS, PH.D., D.SC., PE
Allen Davis qualified as a geologist and his first career was as prospector for De Beers Corporation in Central Africa. He then converted to Civil Engineering through Geotechnics, gaining his Ph.D. from Birmingham University, UK in that subject. He has had Academic, Research and Industrial experience in fairly equal proportions, including: Professor at the University of Birmingham, UK, for 10 years. Head of the Geotechnical and Highways Research Division, National Center for Building and Civil Engineering Research (CEBTP), Paris, France, for 8 years. Technical and Managing Director, Testconsult CEBTP (UK) for 8 years. He was one of the founding members of Testconsult in 1974. Principal Engineer, STS Consultants, Ltd and Manager for NDE, Madsen, Kneppers Associates, Chicago, Illinois and Salt Lake City, Utah, USA for 6 years. Senior Principal Engineer, Construction Technology Laboratories, Inc. (CTL), Skokie, Illinois, USA for the last 6 years.
At the time of writing this book he was Manager of Nondestructive Evaluation at CTL in Skokie, Illinois. His special interests included vibration problems and realtime data acquisition from dynamic testing of concrete foundations and structures, and he was a member and past Chairman of Committee 228 (Nondestructive Testing of Concrete) of the American Concrete Institute and also a member ofASTMCommittee Nondestructive and In-place Testing. He has published over 80 technical articles and publications to date in the fields of Civil Engineering and Building, Transportation and Materials Resources. Eleven Ph.D. research students (seven in France, four in England) have graduated under his supervision, and he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science by Birmingham University in 1980. His contributions to the concrete industry and to the work of the ACI were recognized at the October 2004 meeting of the ACI in San Francisco, where it was announced that he had been elected a Fellow of the Institute. Unfortunately ill-health had prevented him from going to San Francisco, and he passed away suddenly at his home a few hours after learning of the fellowship announcement. Rest in peace, old chum.
