This book covers all aspects of bioavailability, as related to environmental contaminants. After a discussion of the definition of bioavailability and its context, focus is placed on the role of risk assessment and bioavailability. Methods of analysis are then discussed including a range of atomic spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques for metal analysis and chromatographic approaches for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The occurrence, properties and eco-toxicity of POPs and metals in the soil/sediment environment are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the uptake of POPs and metals by plants (phytoextraction). Examples of POPs and metals in the environment are reviewed.
Methods to assess the bioavailability of POPs and metals in the environment are discussed. The particular approaches considered are:
- non-exhaustive extraction techniques
- single extraction techniques
- sequential extraction techniques
- use of cyclodextrin and surfactants
- in-vitro gastrointestinal methods including physiological-based extraction test
- the use of bioasssays including earthworms.
Finally, selected case studies highlight the importance of determining the bioavailability of POPs and metals.
Table of Contents:
Series Preface xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols xix
About the Author xxiii
1 Contaminated Land and the Link to Human Health 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Soil Guideline Values 2
1.2.1 Residential 5
1.2.2 Allotments 5
1.2.3 Commercial/Industrial 5
1.3 Risk to Humans 7
1.4 An Approach to Assess Contaminated Soils Relative to Soil Guideline Values 8
1.4.1 Mean-Value Test 9
1.4.2 Maximum-Value Test 11
References 14
2 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Elemental Analysis of Environmental Contaminants 17
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Sample Preparation for Elemental Analysis 18
2.2.1 Solid Samples 18
2.2.2 Liquid Samples 21
2.3 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 25
2.4 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 33
2.5 Inorganic Mass Spectrometry 40
2.5.1 Interferences in ICP–MS 45
2.6 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 49
2.7 Electrochemistry 51
2.8 Hyphenated Techniques 52
2.9 Comparison of Elemental Analytical Techniques 53
2.10 Selected Resources on Elemental Analytical Techniques 56
2.10.1 Specific Books on Atomic Spectroscopy 56
2.10.2 Specific Books on Electroanalytical Techniques 58
3 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis of Environmental Contaminants 59
3.1 Introduction 60
3.2 Sample Preparation for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis 60
3.2.1 Solid Samples 60
3.2.2 Liquid Samples 67
3.3 Gas Chromatography 72
3.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 74
3.5 Interfacing Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry 78
3.6 Comparison of Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques 84
3.7 Selected Resources on Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques 85
3.7.1 Specific Books on Chromatography 85
4 Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Metals 89
4.1 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for Metals 89
4.2 Single Extraction Methods for Metals 90
4.3 Sequential Extraction Techniques for Metals 99
4.4 Earthworms 107
4.4.1 Earthworms in Bioavailability Studies 111
4.4.2 Chemical-Extraction Methods to Estimate Bioavailability of Metals by Earthworms 124
4.5 Plant Uptake 126
4.6 Certified Reference Materials 127
References 141
5 Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Persistent Organic Pollutants 145
5.1 Introduction 145
5.2 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for POPs 146
5.2.1 Selective or ‘Mild-Solvent’ Extraction 148
5.2.2 Cyclodextrin Extraction 164
5.2.3 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction 168
5.2.4 Other Approaches 174
5.3 Earthworm Studies 176
5.3.1 Chemical-Extraction Methods Used to Estimate the Bioavailability of POPs by Earthworms 178
5.4 Plant Uptake 183
References 189
6 Methods Used to Assess Oral Bioaccessibility 191
6.1 Introduction 191
6.2 Introduction to Human Physiology 193
6.3 Considerations in the Design and Development of a Simulated in vitro Gastrointestinal Extraction Method 195
6.3.1 Design of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method 195
6.3.2 Development of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method 196
6.4 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Metals 198
6.5 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Persistent Organic Pollutants 210
6.6 Validity for Measuring Bioaccessibility 213
References 213
7 Selected Case Studies on Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants 215
7.1 Bioavailability of Metals by Plants 215
7.1.1 Background 215
7.1.2 Experimental 216
7.1.3 Results and Discussion 218
7.1.4 Conclusions 224
7.1.5 Specific References 224
7.2 Bioaccessibility of Metals from Plants 227
7.2.1 Background 227
7.2.2 Experimental 227
7.2.3 Results and Discussion 229
7.2.4 Conclusions 232
7.3 Bioavailability of POPs by Plants 232
7.3.1 Background 232
7.3.2 Experimental 232
7.3.3 Results and Discussion 234
7.3.4 Conclusions 235
7.4 Bioaccessibility of POPs from Plants 235
7.4.1 Background 235
7.4.2 Experimental 235
7.4.3 Results and Discussion 237
7.4.4 Conclusions 238
8 Recording of Information and Selected Resources 241
8.1 Safety 241
8.2 Recording of Information in the Laboratory 242
8.2.1 Introduction 242
8.2.2 Examples of Data Sheets 243
8.3 Selected Resources 253
Responses to Self-Assessment Questions 259
Glossary of Terms 275
SI Units and Physical Constants 281
Periodic Table 285
Index 287
About the Author :
John R. Dean took his first degree in chemistry at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), followed by an M.Sc. in Analytical Chemistry and Instrumentation at Loughborough University of Technology, and finally a Ph.D. and D.I.C. in Physical Chemistry at the Imperial College of Science and Technology (University of London). He then spent two years as a postdoctoral research fellow at the Food Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in Norwich, in Conjunction with the Polytechnic of the South West in Plymouth. His work there was focused on the development of directly coupled high performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methods for trace element speciation in foodstuffs. This was followed by a temporary lectureship in Inorganic Chemistry at Huddersfield Polytechinc. In 1988, he was appointed to a lectureship in Inorganic/Analytical chemistry at Newcastle Polytechnic (now Northumbria University). This was followed by promotion to Senior Lecturer (1990), Reader (1994), Principal Lecturer (1998) and Associate Dean (Research) (2004). He was also awarded a personal chair in 2004. In 1998, he was awarded a D.Sc. (University of London) in Analytical and Environmental Science and was the recipient of the 23rd Society for Analytical Chemistry (SAC) Silver Medal in 1995. He has published extensively in analytical and environmental science. He is an active member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Analytical Division, having served as a member of the atomic spectroscopy group for 15 years (10 as Honorary Secretary), as well as a past Chairman (1997-1999). He has served on the Analytical Division Council for Three terms and is a former Vice-President (2002-2004), as well as a past-Chairman of the North-East Region of the RSC (2001-2003).
Review :
"... it will be a valuable and useful source of material for both individual students and teachers." (International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry, October 2007)
