Nanosensors in Healthcare Diagnostics

Nanosensors in Healthcare Diagnostics examines the role of nanosensors in clinical microbiology, point-of-care sensing, clinical diagnostics, and therapy. This book addresses the concept of nanosensors and their utilization in healthcare diagnostics, and therapy. It covers the principles and mechanisms involved in nanosensor-based diagnostics platforms. It also discusses various approaches and techniques used in the preparation of nanosensors as well as the biomedical application of nanosensors in clinical diagnostics and their significance in the detection, treatment, and management of diseases. This book is a useful reference for researchers, graduate students, and industry professionals studying nanosensors in biological and medical sciences.

Table of Contents:
List of contributors About the editors Foreword Preface CHAPTER 1 Nanobiosensors for point-of-care diagnostic applications Namrata Sangwan, Radhika Dhawan, Arushi Chauhan, Jitender Singh and Pramod K. Avti 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Diagnostic biological markers 1.2.1 Protein biological markers 1.2.2 Metabolites biological markers 1.2.3 Nucleic acid biological markers 1.2.4 Pathogenic biological markers 1.3 Diagnostic role of nanobiosensors in biomedical field 1.3.1 Noncommunicable diseases 1.3.2 Communicable diseases 1.4 Summary and future perspective References CHAPTER 2 Gold-conjugated polymeric nanoparticles as biosensors Sarin Palakkal 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Gold nanoparticle-based piezoelectric biosensors 2.2 Biosensor’s state of the art 2.2.1 Gold nanoparticles sensing by fluorescence quenching 2.2.2 Gold nanoparticles surface plasmon resonance-based sensors 2.2.3 Detection of metal ions 2.3 Detection of small organic molecules and protein 2.4 Conclusions References CHAPTER 3 Biosensors for detection of Alzheimer’s disease: a review Manju Tewari 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Neurodegenerative diseases 3.1.2 Alzheimer’s disease and its diagnosis 3.2 Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease 3.2.1 Amyloid beta proteins 3.2.2 Tau protein 3.2.3 Apolipoprotein E4 3.3 Biosensors 3.3.1 Bioreceptors 3.3.2 Transducers 3.3.3 Signal amplification 3.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments Conflict of interest References CHAPTER 4 Nanodrug delivery—a noble approach in neurodegenerative disorder and glioblastoma Kumudesh Mishra and Or Kakhlon 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Neurological diseases and treatment strategies 4.2.1 Neurodegenerative disease 4.3 The bloodbrain barrier and nanotechnology 4.4 Bloodbrain barrier crossing mechanism by nanomaterial 4.5 Nanocarriers in drug delivery 4.5.1 Inorganic nanocarriers for drug delivery 4.5.2 Organic nanocarriers 4.6 Recent advancements in nano-based treatment of brain disorders 4.6.1 Scaffold 4.6.2 Three- and four-dimensional printing 4.6.3 Induced pluripotent stem cells 4.6.4 Nanocarrier-based gene therapy 4.7 Clinical trials and current status of nanomedicines in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases 4.8 Challenges and approaches to overcome barriers in the nano-based treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and glioblastoma multiforme 4.9 Conclusion and future perspective References CHAPTER 5 Advancements in nanosensors for an early detection of cancer Ashmit Verma, Payal Kumar, Muzammil Kuddushi, Gayatri Joshi, Saumyakanti Khatua, Mukesh Dhanka and Deepak S. Chauhan 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Classification of nanosensors 5.2.1 Based on the materials used 5.2.2 Based on the mode of transduction 5.3 Role of nanosensors in an early detection of cancer 5.3.1 Detection of biomarkers 5.3.2 Detection of circulating tumor cells and exosomes 5.3.3 Probing of living cancer cells 5.3.4 Bioimaging of tumors 5.3.5 Artificial intelligence with nanosensors for bioimaging 5.3.6 Micro- and nanorobotics for an early detection of cancer 5.3.7 Conclusion Acknowledgments References CHAPTER 6 Biomedical applications of nanobiosensors in cancer—recent advances and future prospects Rajalakshmi Manikkam, Periyasamy Vijayalakshmi, Sabapathy Indu and Balakrishnan Solaimuthu 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Cancer onset and types 6.2 Cancer diagnostic tools 6.3 Nanotechnology 6.3.1 Classification of nanoparticles 6.3.2 Nanoparticles in biomedical applications 6.4 Nanomaterials as biosensors—a novel approach to cancer diagnostics 6.5 Cancer biomarkers 6.5.1 Detection method 6.6 Nanobiosensors 6.7 Clinical trial of biosensors 6.8 Advantages of nanobiosensors 6.9 Conclusion References CHAPTER 7 Nanomaterial-based nanosensors for food safety applications Arushi Chauhan, Namrata Sangwan, Radhika Dhawan, Jitender Singh and Pramod K. Avti 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Food safety and nanosensors 7.3 Types of nanosensors 7.3.1 Optical sensors 7.3.2 Piezoelectric sensors 7.4 Application in healthcare trends 7.4.1 Food processing 7.4.2 Nutraceuticals delivery and food packaging 7.4.3 Food safety 7.5 Conclusion References CHAPTER 8 Nanosensors in medical microbiology Muhammad Hashim Khan, Sohail Ahmad, Irum Batool Hashmi and Muhammad Badar 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Foodborne and clinical pathogens 8.2 Sensing of pathogens from food and clinical samples by using nanosensors 8.3 Types of nanobiosensors 8.3.1 Optical nanobiosensors 8.3.2 Colorimetric nanobiosensors 8.3.3 Electrochemical nanobiosensors 8.3.4 Thermometric nanobiosensors 8.3.5 Piezoelectric nanobiosensors 8.3.6 Microfluidic nanobiosensors References CHAPTER 9 Nanosensors technology for diagnosis of viral infections Anupam Singh and Ashish Kumar Rai 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Nanosensors: a brief overview 9.2.1 Definition and functionality 9.2.2 Types of nanosensors 9.2.3 Nanosensors for viral detection 9.2.4 Nanosensors for specific viral infections 9.2.5 Challenges and limitations 9.2.6 Future perspectives 9.3 Conclusion References CHAPTER 10 Nanosensor-based therapeutic interventions to diagnose and cure bacterial infections Shreya Mahato, Aparna Anand and Abhinay Sharma 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Conventional diagnostic and therapeutic methods of bacterial infections 10.3 Application of nanotechnology for bacterial infection management 10.4 Nanodiagnostics for bacterial infection 10.4.1 Magnetic nanoparticles 10.4.2 Metal nanoparticles 10.4.3 Nanowire-based biosensors 10.4.4 Quantum dots 10.4.5 Surface-enhanced photoluminescence 10.4.6 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering 10.4.7 Field-effect transistors 10.4.8 Fluorescent nanosensors 10.4.9 DNA microarray 10.5 Nanotherapeutics 10.5.1 Inorganic nanoparticles 10.5.2 Organic nanoparticles 10.5.3 Quantum dots 10.5.4 Nanowires 10.5.5 Nanocarriers 10.5.6 Others 10.6 Conclusion References CHAPTER 11 Use of nanotechnology in diagnosis and cure of mycotic infections Shreya Mahato, Nupur Saxena, Aparna Anand and Abhinay Sharma 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Nanotechnology for diagnosis and cure of mycotic infections 11.3 Nanodiagnostic techniques 11.3.1 Gold nanoparticles 11.3.2 Magnetic nanoparticles 11.3.3 Quantum dots 11.3.4 Nanorods and nanotubes 11.3.5 Nanowires 11.3.6 Nanoprobes or nanosensors 11.3.7 Nanobarcodes 11.3.8 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanotags 11.3.9 Surface plasmon resonancebased detection 11.3.10 DNA microarray 11.3.11 Other techniques 11.4 Therapeutics of mycotic infections 11.4.1 Conventional therapeutic methods for fungal infections 11.4.2 Intervention of nanotechnology mycotic therapeutics 11.5 Conclusion References CHAPTER 12 Potential applications of nanotechnology in management of parasitic diseases Aparna Anand and Abhinay Sharma 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Traditional diagnosis and treatment methods of parasitic diseases 12.3 Nanotechnology aided diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases 12.3.1 Liposomes 12.3.2 Solid lipid nanoparticles 12.3.3 Quantum dots 12.3.4 Polymeric nanoparticles 12.3.5 Metal nanoparticles 12.3.6 Nanosensors 12.3.7 Carbon nanotubes 12.3.8 Dendrimers 12.3.9 Nanoemulsions 12.3.10 Nanotechnology-based vaccines 12.4 Conclusion References CHAPTER 13 Green-synthesized nanoparticles for biomedical sensor technology Ayse Baran, Mehmet Firat Baran, Polat Ipek, Aziz Eftekhari, Cumali Keskin, Mehmet Nuri Atalar and Mehmet Hakki Alma 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Obtaining of nanoparticles 13.2.1 Nanoparticle synthesis with plants or green synthesis 13.3 Biosensors 13.3.1 Classification of sensors 13.3.2 Introduction to nanobiosensors (nanomaterial-based biosensors) 13.3.3 Applications of nanobiosensors 13.4 Conclusion References Index

About the Author :
Dr. Abhinay Sharma is currently a PBC postdoctoral fellow in Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics at The Institute for Medical Research – Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. Dr. Sharma also worked as CNPq postdoctoral fellow from 2011 to 2012 in the Department of Physiology at the Bioscience Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, a Postdoctoral fellow from 2012 to 2013 in Department of Medical Microbiology at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, and was an Alexander von Humboldt postdoctoral fellow from 2013 to 2016 in the Department of Vaccinology at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany. Dr. Prachi Bhargava has over 20 years of teaching and research experience in microbial molecular biology and is currently working as an Associate Professor at Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow. She has worked as a Principal Investigator on various major GOI-sponsored projects and was recently involved in a project sponsored by SERB, New Delhi. As an active researcher, Dr. Bhargava has published numerous research and review articles in respected journals and authored several book chapters. Dr. Ram Prasad is an Associate Professor at Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar, India. Dr. Prasad has served as an Assistant Professor Amity University Uttar Pradesh, India; Visiting Assistant Professor, Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States, and Research Associate Professor at School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Dr. Prasad has more than two hundred publications to his credit, including research papers, review articles, and book chapters; has edited or authored several books; and has five patents issued or pending. He’s on the editorial boards of a number of journals, and his research interests include plant-microbe interaction, agriculture sustainability, nanobiotechnology, and applied microbiology. Dr. Devendra Kumar Choudhary is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (MNASc), India. He was included in the Top 2% world scientists list published in PLoS Biology (A Stanford University Study). He holds a PhD in Microbiology and is currently working as an Associate Professor at Amity University, Noida. He has published over 90 articles in renowned national and international journals.