About the Book
This book is a definitive reference on phase-transfer catalysis (PTC), written by the three foremost industrial and academic PTC experts in the world. Interest in PTC - first developed in the 1970s by Dr Starks and Dr Liotta - has grown exponentially in the last ten years because of the many advantages it offers. These include high yields under mild and convenient reaction conditions; increased plant capacity; pollution prevention through elimination of toxic solvents; new possibilities for using more desirable raw materials and solvents; and improved control over reaction rates and heat generation. Phase-Transfer Catalysis, the first practical guide to performing PTC in industry, includes key information and analyses found in no other publication. The book provides a thorough introduction to the fundamentals of PTC as a synthetic organic chemistry technique, including reaction mechanisms, selectivity, rates and kinetics. It gives specific guidelines on how to optimize catalyst, solvent, base, hydration, and more, based on reaction characteristics.
The section on applications includes nucleophilic displacement reactions, oxidation and reduction reactions, and such special topics as insoluble PTC (triphase catalysis), polymerization, chiral catalysis, applications in environmental and analytical chemistry, and transition metal co-catalyzed PTC. Throughout the book, PTC applications in key industries are discussed - including organic chemicals, polymers, pharmaceuticals, agrichemicals, monomers, petrochemicals, flavours and fragrances, additives, dyes, and specialty chemicals. "Phase-Transfer Catalysis" should serve as a resource for synthetic organic chemists, polymer chemists, process chemists, development chemists, and chemical engineers in academia and industry. Organic process chemists seeking greater process flexibility, reduced manufacturing costs and pollution, and easier compliance with environmental regulations should find it an indispensable reference. This book should be of interest to synthetic organic chemists, polymer chemists, process chemists, development chemists, and chemical engineers in academia and industry.
Table of Contents:
1: Basic Concepts in Phase-Transfer Catalysis.- A. Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Reactions.- B. Basic Steps of Phase-Transfer Catalysis.- C. The PTC Reaction Rate Matrix.- D. Anion Transfer and Anion Activation.- E. Effect of Reaction Variables on Transfer and Intrinsic Rates.- F. Outline of Compounds Used as Phase-Transfer Catalysts.- 2: Phase-Transfer Catalysts: Fundamentals I.- A. Introduction.- B. Structural Factors Affecting the Distribution of Anions Between Aqueous and Organic Phases.- C. Structural Factors Affecting the Distribution of Phase-Transfer Catalyst Cations Between the Aqueous and Organic Phases.- D. Effects of the Organic Phase Polarity on the Distribution of Phase-Transfer Cation-Anion Pairs.- E. Effects of Changes in Organic Phase Polarity During Reaction.- F. Factors Affecting the Distribution of Phase-Transfer Catalyst Cation-Anion Pairs Between an Organic Phase and an Aqueous Phase Containing Hydroxide Ion.- G. Effect of Hydration of the Transferred Anion and the Effect of Inorganic Salt and/or Hydroxide Concentration in the Aqueous Phase.- 3: Phase-Transfer Catalysis: Fundamentals II.- A. Introduction.- B. Liquid-Liquid PTC.- C. Solid-Liquid PTC.- 4: Phase-Transfer Catalysts.- A. Introduction.- B. Use of Quaternary Salts as Phase-Transfer Catalysts.- C. Macrocyclic and Macrobicyclic Ligands.- D. PEGs, Tris (3,6-dioxaheptyl)amine (TDA-1), and Related Ethoxylated Compounds as Phase-Transfer Catalysts.- E. Other Soluble Polymers and Related Multifunctional Compounds as Phase-Transfer Catalysts.- F. Use of Dual PTC Catalysts or Use of Cocatalysts in Phase-Transfer Systems.- G. Catalysts for Transfer of Species Other Than Anions.- H. Separation and Recovery of Phase-Transfer Catalysts.- 5: Insoluble Phase-Transfer Catalysts.- A. Introduction.- B. PTC Catalysts Bound to Insoluble Resins.- C. Phase-Transfer Catalysts Bound to Inorganic Solid Supports.- D. PTC Catalysts Contained in a Separate Liquid Phase (Third-Liquid-Phase Catalyst).- 6: Variables in Reaction Design for Laboratory and Industrial Applications of Phase-Transfer Catalysis.- A. Choice of Catalyst.- B. Choice of Solvent.- C. Presence of Water.- D. Agitation.- E. Choice of Anion, Leaving Group, and Counteranion.- F. Choice of Base.- G. Guidelines for Exploring New PTC Applications.- 7: Phase-Transfer Catalysis Displacement Reactions with Simple Anions.- A. General Considerations.- B. Behavior of Various Anions in PTC Displacement Reactions.- 8: Phase-Transfer Catalysis Reaction with Strong Bases.- A. C-Alkylation.- B. N-Alkylation.- C. O-Alkylation—Etherification.- D. S- Alky lation—Thioetherification.- E. Dehydrohalogenation.- F. Carbene Reactions.- G. Condensation Reactions.- H. Deuterium Exchange, Isomerization, and Oxidation.- 9: Phase-Transfer Catalysis: Polymerization and Polymer Modification.- A. Introduction.- B. Polymer Synthesis.- C. Chemical Modification of Polymers.- 10: Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Oxidations.- A. Introduction.- B. Permanganate Oxidations.- D. PTC Oxidations with Hydrogen Peroxide.- E. PTC Air or Oxygen Oxidations.- F. Oxidations by Persulfates.- H. PTC Oxidations with Nitric Acid.- I. PTC Carbon Tetrachloride/Sodium Hydroxide Oxidations.- J. PTC Oxidations with Periodate and Related Oxidizing Anions.- K. PTC Oxidations with Perborate.- L. PTC Oxidations with Ferrate and Ferricyanide.- M. PTC Oxidations with Superoxide.- N. PTC Electrochemical Oxidations.- O. PTC Oxidations with Other Oxidants.- 11: Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Reductions.- A. Sodium Borohydride Reductions.- B. Lithium Aluminum Hydride Reductions.- C. Reductions withSodium Formate.- D. Reductions with Sulfur-Containing Anions.- E. Hydrogenation.- F. Reductions with Formaldehyde.- G. Electrochemical Reduction.- H. Photochemical Reduction.- I. Wolff-Kishner Reduction.- J. Reduction by Dodecarbonyltriiron and Related Species.- 12: Phase-Transfer Catalysis: Chiral Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Formation of Carbon—Carbon Bonds.- A. Introduction.- B. Alkylation Reactions.- 13: Phase Transfer Catalysis—Transition Metal Cocatalyzed Reactions.- A. Introduction.- B. Carbonylation and Reactions with Carbon Monoxide.- B. PTC Reduction and Hydrogenation with Metal Cocatalysts.- C. Coupling Reactions of Alkenes, Alkynes, and Alkyl Halides.- D. Other Reactions.- 14: Phase-Transfer Catalysis in Analytical Chemistry.- A. The PTC/Analytical Chemistry Match.- B. Esterification, Etherification, and Other Nucleophilic Derivatizations.- C. Non-Nucleophilic PTC Reactions Used in Analytical Chemistry.- 15: Phase-Transfer Catalysis: Industrial Perspectives.- A. Industrial Background.- B. Evaluation of PTC as a Commercial Manufacturing Process Technology.
Review :
The three authors have produced a nicely intergrated piece of work and the quality of presentation, including structures,equations, figures and graphs, is excellent...This particular textbook is likely to prove a major landmark...From time to time a textbook appears of a quality destined to make its value long-lived. This is one such example. The authors are to be congratulated on what they have achieved - Reactive Polymers; The three authors have produced a nicely intergrated piece of work and the quality of presentation, including structures,equations, figures and graphs, is excellent...This particular textbook is likely to prove a major landmark...From time to time a textbook appears of a quality destined to make its value long-lived. This is one such example. The authors are to be congratulated on what they have achieved - Reactive Polymers; The three authors have produced a nicely intergrated piece of work and the quality of presentation, including structures,equations, figures and graphs, is excellent...This particular textbook is likely to prove a major landmark...From time to time a textbook appears of a quality destined to make its value long-lived. This is one such example. The authors are to be congratulated on what they have achieved - Reactive Polymers
