Digital VLSI Chip Design with Cadence and Synopsys CAD Tools
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Digital VLSI Chip Design with Cadence and Synopsys CAD Tools

Digital VLSI Chip Design with Cadence and Synopsys CAD Tools

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International Edition


About the Book

Digital VLSI Chip Design with Cadence and Synopsys CAD Tools leads students through the complete process of building a ready-to-fabricate CMOS integrated circuit using popular commercial design software. Detailed tutorials include step-by-step instructions and screen shots of tool windows and dialog boxes. This hands-on book is for use in conjunction with a primary textbook on digital VLSI.

Table of Contents:
1 Introduction 1 1.1 CAD Tool Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.1 Custom VLSI and Cell Design Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.2 Hierarchical Cell/Block ASIC Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 What This Book Is and Isn’t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Bugs in the Tools? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Tool Setup and Execution Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5 Typographical Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7   2 Cadence DFII and ICFB 9 2.1 Cadence Design Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 Starting Cadence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16   3 Composer Schematic Capture 17 3.1 Starting Cadence and Making a New Working Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.2 Creating a New Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.2.1 Creating the Schematic View of a Full Adder . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.2.2 Creating the Symbol View of a Full Adder . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.2.3 Creating a Two-Bit Adder Using the FullAdder Bit . . . . . . . . 28 3.3 Schematics that Use Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.4 Printing Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.4.1 Modifying PostScript Plot Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.5 Variable, Pin, and Cell Naming Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40   4 Verilog Simulation 41 4.1 Verilog Simulation of Composer Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.1.1 Verilog-XL: Simulating a Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.1.2 NC Verilog: Simulating a Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2 Behavioral Verilog Code in Composer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.2.1 Generating a Behavioral View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.2.2 Simulating a Behavioral View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.3 Stand-Alone Verilog Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.3.1 Verilog-XL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.3.2 NC Verilog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.3.3 VCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.4 Timing in Verilog Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.4.1 Behavioral Versus Transistor Switch Simulation . . . . . . . . . . 94 4.4.2 Behavioral Gate Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4.4.3 Standard Delay Format (SDF) Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4.4.4 Transistor Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107   5 Virtuoso Layout Editor 109 5.1 An Inverter Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.1.1 Starting Cadence icfb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.1.2 Making an Inverter Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.1.3 Making an Inverter Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5.2 Layout for an Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.2.1 Creating a New layout View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.2.2 Drawing an nmos Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.2.3 Drawing a pmos Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 5.2.4 Assembling the Inverter from the Transistor Layouts . . . . . . . 122 5.2.5 Using Hierarchy in Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.2.6 Virtuoso Command Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 5.3 Printing Layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.4 Design Rule Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.4.1 DIVA Design Rule Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.5 Generating an Extracted View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 5.6 Layout Versus Schematic Checking (LVS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.6.1 Generating an analog-extracted View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 5.7 Overall Cell Design Flow (So Far...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 5.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153   6 Standard Cell Design Template 155 6.1 Standard Cell Geometry Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.2 Standard Cell I/O Pin Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6.3 Standard Cell Transistor Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162   7 Spectre Analog Simulator 167 7.1 Simulating a Schematic (Transient Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 7.2 Simulation with the Spectre Analog Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.3 Simulating with a Config View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 7.4 Mixed Analog/Digital Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 7.4.1 Final Words about Mixed-Mode Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 7.5 DC Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 7.5.1 Parametric Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 7.6 Power Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 7.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213   8 Cell Characterization 215 8.1 Liberty File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 8.1.1 Combinational Cell Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 8.1.2 Sequential Cell Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 8.1.3 Tristate Cell Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 8.2 Cell Characterization with ELC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 8.2.1 Generating the ELC Netlist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 8.2.2 Cell Naming and Encounter Library Characterizer . . . . . . . . 243 8.2.3 Best, Typical, and Worst Case Characterization . . . . . . . . . . 244 8.3 Cell Characterization with Spectre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 8.4 Converting Liberty to Synopsys Database (db) Format . . . . . . . . . . 250 8.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252   9 Verilog Synthesis 253 9.1 Synopsys Design Compiler Synthesis with dc shell . . . . . . 253 9.1.1 Basic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 9.1.2 Scripted Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 9.1.3 Synopsys Design Vision GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 9.1.4 DesignWare Building Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 9.2 Cadence RTL Compiler Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 9.2.1 Scripted Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 9.2.2 Cadence RTL Compiler GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 9.3 Importing Structural Verilog into Cadence DFII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 9.4 Post-Synthesis Verilog Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 9.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295   10 Abstract Generation 299 10.1 Reading Your Library into Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 10.2 Finding Pins in Your Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 10.3 The Extract Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 10.4 The Abstract Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 10.5 LEF File Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 10.6 Modifying the LEF File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 10.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311   11 SOC Encounter Place and Route 313 11.1 Encounter GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 11.1.1 Reading In the Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 11.1.2 Floorplanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 11.1.3 Power Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 11.1.4 Placing the Standard Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 11.1.5 First Optimization Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 11.1.6 Clock Tree Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 11.1.7 Post-CTS Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 11.1.8 Final Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 11.1.9 Post-Route Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 11.1.10 Adding Filler Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 11.1.11 Checking the Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 11.1.12 Saving and Exporting the Placed and Routed Cell . . . . . . . . . 349 11.1.13 Reading the Cell Back into Virtuoso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 11.2 Design Import with Configuration Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 11.2.1 Floorplanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 11.3 SOC Encounter Scripting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 11.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364   12 Chip Assembly 367 12.1 Module Routing with ccar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 12.1.1 Preparing a Placement with Virtuoso-XL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 12.1.2 Invoking the ccar Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 12.2 Core to Pad Frame Routing with ccar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 12.2.1 Copy the Pad Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 12.2.2 Modify the Frame schematic View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 12.2.3 Modify the Frame layout View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 12.2.4 Routing the Core to Frame with ccar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 12.2.5 Metal Density Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 12.3 Final GDSII Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 12.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405   13 Design Example 409 13.1 Tiny MIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 13.2 Tiny MIPS: Flat Tool Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 13.2.1 Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 13.2.2 Place and Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 13.2.3 Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 13.2.4 Final Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 13.3 Tiny MIPS: Hierarchical Tool Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 13.3.1 Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 13.3.2 Place and Route into a Macro Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 13.3.3 Preparing Custom Circuits for Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 13.3.4 Generating Abstract Views for Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 13.3.5 Place and Route with Macro Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 13.3.6 Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 13.3.7 Final Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 13.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470   A Tool and Setup Scripts 475 A.1 Cadence Tool Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 A.2 Cadence Setup Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 A.2.1 setup-cadence: Basic Cadence Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 A.2.2 setup-ncsu: Cadence Setup with NCSU Extensions . . . . . . . . 481 A.3 Shell Scripts for Cadence Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 A.3.1 syn-abstract: Start the Abstract Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 A.3.2 cad-alf2lib: Convert the alf Notation from Encounter Library Characterizer to lib Notation . . . . . . . . . 482 A.3.3 cad-elc: Start the Encounter Library Characterizer . . . . . . . . 483 A.3.4 cad-ncsu: Start the DFII (icfb) Environment . . . . . . . . . . . 484 A.3.5 cad-soc: Start the SOC Encounter Place and Route Tool . . . . . 484 A.3.6 sim-ncg: Startup Script for the NC Verilog Simulator, with GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 A.3.7 sim-xlg: Startup Script for the Verilog-XL simulator, with GUI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 A.3.8 sptr2elc: Perl Script for Converting Spectre Netlists to Encounter Library Characterizer Netlists . .  . 486 A.3.9 syn-rtlg: Start the RTL Compiler Synthesis Tool, with GUI . . . 487 A.4 Synopsys Tool Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 A.5 Synopsys Setup Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 A.5.1 setup-synopsys: Basic Synopsys Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 A.6 Shell Scripts for Synopsys Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 A.6.1 sim-vcs: Startup Script for the VCS Verilog Simulator . . . . . . 492 A.6.2 sim-simv: Startup Script for the simv Simulator Resulting from VCS Execution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 A.6.3 syn-dc: Startup Script for Design Compiler Synthesis . . . . . . 494 A.6.4 syn-dv: Startup Script for Design Compiler using the Design Vision GUI . .. . . . . . . . . 494 A.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495   B Scripts to Drive the Tools 497 B.1 Tcl Script Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 B.2 Cadence Tool Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 B.2.1 Encounter Library Characterizer Cell Characterization . . . . . . 500 B.2.2 Cell Characterization with Spectre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 B.2.3 SOC Encounter Place and Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 B.2.4 RTL Compiler Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 B.2.5 ccar Chip Assembly Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 B.3 Synopsys Tool Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 B.3.1 Synopsys Design Compiler Script Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 B.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524   C Technology and Cell Libraries 525 C.1 NCSU Cadence Design Kit CDK1.5 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 C.1.1 .cdsinit: Local Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 C.1.2 .cdsenv: Local Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 C.1.3 UofU TechLib ami06: Local Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . 530 C.2 Example Standard Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 C.2.1 Example Liberty File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 C.2.2 LEF File Technology Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 C.2.3 LEF File MACRO Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 C.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Bibliography 565 Index 567 


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9780321547996
  • Publisher: Pearson Education (US)
  • Publisher Imprint: Pearson
  • Height: 238 mm
  • No of Pages: 600
  • Spine Width: 36 mm
  • Width: 190 mm
  • ISBN-10: 0321547993
  • Publisher Date: 23 Jul 2009
  • Binding: Paperback
  • Language: English
  • Returnable: N
  • Weight: 1120 gr


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