Exchanges: A Global History Reader, Volume 2

This impressive collection of readings illustrates that the history of the world is as much about the relationships among societies as it is about transformations and continuities within societies. Exchanges: A Global History Reader is designed as an introduction to the discipline of world history. Unlike other source collections, Exchanges helps students look beyond strictly delineated regionalism and chronological structures to understand history as a product of ongoing debate. Structured around a series of interconnected themes and debates, and pairing both primary and secondary sources, Exchanges challenges both students and teachers to rethink history.

Table of Contents:
Contents Preface xiv Introduction 1 What Is World History? An Introduction for Students of the Recent Past 1 Questions and Connections: The World Since c. 1450 C.E. 2 Periodization 3 Sources 4 Themes in Modern World History 6 Part 1 Debating the "Great Opening": 1450—1600 7 Chapter 1 Was There a Eurasian Advantage over Africa and the Americas? 11 Rendezvous at Cajamarca 12 >> 1. FRANCISCO DE JÉREZ, Reports on the Discovery of Peru, translated by C.R. Markham 13 Ecological Differentiation 14 >> 2. JARED DIAMOND, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies 15 Critique of Guns, Germs, and Steel 16 >> 3. J. R. MCNEILL, The World According to Jared Diamond 16 A Conversation with Christopher Ehret 17 >> 4. A Conversation with Christopher Ehret 18 Chapter 2 Why Not Ming China? 21 The Impact of Zheng He’s Voyages 22 >> 5. KU P’O, Afterword, in Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan, or The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores 23 The Fifteenth-Century Maritime Scene in China 23 >> 6. CHANG KUEI-SHENG, The Maritime Scene in China at the Dawn of Great European Discoveries 24 A Twentieth-Century Chinese Historian’s View of the Early Ming Dynasty 25 >> 7. LI UNG BING, Outlines in Chinese History 26 Shared Problems in Early Modern China and Europe 26 >> 8. KENNETH POMERANZ, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy 27 iii Chapter 3 Theories of Cultural Exceptionalism 29 Justifying the Spanish Conquest of the Americas 30 >> 9. JUAN GINÉS DE SEPULVEDA, Just Causes of War Against the Indians 30 On the Responsibilities of Spaniards in the Americas 32 >> 10. BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, Apologética historia de las Indias, translated by Benjamin Keen 33 Culture and The Wealth and Poverty of Nations 33 >> 11. DAVID S. LANDES, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor 34 Critiquing The Wealth and Poverty of Nations 36 >> 12. WILLIAM H. MCNEILL, How the West Won 36 Chapter 4 Theories of Military Superiority 39 Ottoman Military Supremacy at the Siege of Constantinople 41 >> 13. NICOLO BARBARO, Diary of the Siege of Constantinople 1453 41 Sejara Melayu, or the Portuguese conquest of Malacca 42 >> 14. A Malay Account of the Conquest of Malacca 43 Vasco de Gama’s Defeat of the Calecut Fleet 43 >> 15. GASPAR CORREA, The Three Voyages of Vasco de Gama and His Viceroyalty 44 Was There a Naval Arms Gap in the Indian Ocean? 44 >> 16. P. J. MARSHALL, Western Arms in Maritime Asia in the Early Phases of Expansion 45 Warfare in Seventeenth-Century Angola 46 >> 17. JOHN K. THORNTON, The Art of War in Angola, 1575—1680 46 Chapter 5 Theories of Political Superiority 49 The Emergence of the Nation-State in Europe 50 >> 18. JOSEPH R. STRAYER, On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State 51 State Systems and the Advantages of Fragmentation 52 >> 19. PAUL KENNEDY, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 52 The Formulation of English Rule in Ireland 53 >> 20. HENRY VI, Letters Patent from Henry VI to the Lord Lieutenant 54 A Unified Model for Early Modern Eurasia 54 >> 21. VICTOR LIEBERMAN, Transcending East-West Dichotomies: State and Culture Formation in Six Ostensibly Disparate Areas 55 iv Contents Ming Dynasty Statecraft and Welfare Systems 56 >> 22. JUAN GONZALEZ DE MENDOZA, The History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof 57 Sixteenth-Century Confucian Intellectual Challenges to the State 57 >> 23. WANG YANG-MING, Inquiry on the Great Learning 58 Chapter 6 Theories of Economic Change 61 Renaissance Merchant-Capitalists 63 >> 24. ROBERT L. REYNOLDS, Europe Emerges: Transition toward an Industrial World-Wide Society 600—1750 63 Capitalism and the Church in Medieval Europe 65 >> 25. RODNEY STARK, How Christianity (and Capitalism) Led to Science 65 Medici Articles of Association 67 >> 26. Medici Article of Association 67 Capitalism in Medieval Islam 69 >> 27. SUBHI Y. LABIB, Capitalism in Medieval Islam 69 The Wealth of Mali and the Bankers of Cairo 71 >> 28. IBN HAJAR AL-’ASQALANI, The Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa 71 Part 1 Conclusion 74 Part 2 Debating the Age of Revolutions: 1600—1870 76 Chapter 7 Evaluating the Bourgeois Revolution 79 The "European Miracle" Hypothesis 81 >> 29. ERIC L. JONES, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies, and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia 81 Adam Smith on the Global Origins of Britain’s Wealth 83 >> 30. ADAM SMITH, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 83 The Profitability of American Colonies 86 >> 31. KENNETH POMERANZ, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy 87 The Importance of Regional Commerce 88 >> 32. PATRICK O’BRIEN, European Economic Development: The Contribution of the Periphery 89 The Difficulties and Rewards of the East Indies Trade 90 >> 33. The Fugger Newsletters 91 Contents v Chapter 8 Locating Nationalism and the Atlantic Revolutions 94 What Is the Third Estate? 97 >> 34. EMMANUEL (ABBÉ) SIEYÈS, "Qu’est-ce que le tiers état?" or "What Is the Third Estate?" 97 Identities and French Nationalism 99 >> 35. LIAH GREENFELD, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity 99 Consumption and Identity in the American Revolution 100 >> 36. T. H. BREEN, "Baubles of Britain": The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century 101 Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress 103 >> 37. Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress 103 Creole Pioneers and Nationalism in Latin America 105 >> 38. BENEDICT ANDERSON, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism 106 Chapter 9 Connecting the Atlantic Revolutions 108 Linking the Atlantic Revolutions 109 >> 39. R. R. PALMER, The World Revolution of the West: 1763—1801 110 de Tocqueville on the American Revolution 111 >> 40. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE, L’ancien régime 111 The Haitian Revolution in an Atlantic context 112 >> 41. FRANKLIN W. KNIGHT, The Haitian Revolution 113 Declaration of Independence of Haiti 114 >> 42. Declaration of Independence of Haiti 114 The Objectives of the Spanish American Revolutionaries 115 >> 43. JOHN LYNCH, The Origins of Spanish American Independence 116 Chapter 10 Linking the Industrial Revolution in Africa and Britain 119 Origins of the Industrial Revolution in Britain 121 >> 44. PETER MATHIAS, The First Industrial Nation: An Economic History of Britain 1700—1914 122 The Profits of the Atlantic Slave Trade for Britain 124 >> 45. ERIC WILLIAMS, Capitalism & Slavery 124 The English Tradesman 125 >> 46. DANIEL DEFOE, The Complete English Tradesman 125 The Price of the Atlantic Slave Trade for Africa 126 >> 47. WALTER RODNEY, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa 127 The Evil of Slavery 128 >> 48. OTTOBAH CUGOANO, Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil of Slavery 128 Working Girls in and Great Britain and West Africa 130 >> 49. Testimonies of Elizabeth Bentley and Abina Mansah 130 vi Contents Chapter 11 Exploring Pathways to Revolution and Reform in Asia 133 Diplomacy and Modernization in the Ottoman Empire 136 >> 50. THOMAS NAFF, Reform and the Conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim III, 1789—1807 136 Treaty of Alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire 137 >> 51. Treaty of Alliance between England and Turkey, 5 January 1799 138 A Reconsideration of Selim III’s Reforms 139 >> 52. KEMAL H. KARPAT, "The Stages of Ottoman History": A Structural Comparative Approach 139 The Meiji Revolution and Japan’s Modernization 141 >> 53. KUWABARA TAKEO, The Meiji Revolution and Japan’s Modernization 141 The Different Experiences of China and Japan in the Mid-Nineteenth Century 142 >> 54. SHIBAHARA TAKUJI, Japan’s Modernization from the Perspective of International Relations 143 The Meiji Charter Oath 144 >> 55. Drafts of the Charter Oath 144 Part 2 Conclusion 147 Part 3 Debating the New Imperialism, 1850—1914 150 Chapter 12 Strategic Explanations 155 European Rivalry and German Imperialism 157 >> 56. A. J. P. TAYLOR, Germany’s First Bid for Colonies 1884—1885: A Move in Bismarck’s European Policy 158 Jules Ferry’s Defense of French Colonialism 158 >> 57. JULES FERRY, Speech Before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884 159 The United States’ Naval Power in the Pacific 160 >> 58. ALFRED THAYER MAHAN, Effects of Asiatic Conditions upon International Policies 161 Debating Japanese Intervention in Korea 162 >> 59.O — KUBO TOSHIMICHI, Opinion against the Korean Expedition Chapter 13 Economic Explanations 165 V.I. Lenin Connects Capitalism and Imperialism 166 >> 60. VLADIMIR ILLYICH LENIN, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism 167 Gentlemanly Capitalism 168 >> 61. P. J. CAIN AND A. G. HOPKINS, Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Expansion Overseas II: New Imperialism, 1850—1945 169 Contents vii A Liberal Interpretation of the Economic Origins of Imperialism 170 >> 62. JOHN A. HOBSON, Imperialism: A Study 170 British Misrule and the Impoverishment of India 172 >> 63. DADABHAI NAOROJI, Memorandum No.2 on the Moral Poverty in India and Native Thoughts on the Present British Indian Policy 172 Chapter 14 Moral Explanations 174 The White Man’s Burden 179 >> 64. RUDYARD KIPLING, The White Man’s Burden 177 The Missionary’s Bride 177 >> 65. FRANCES ELIZABETH DAVIES, The Missionary’s Bride 178 An "Orientalist" Perspective on Egypt 179 >> 66. EVELYN BARING CROMER, Modern Egypt 179 An Egyptian Rejoinder 181 >> 67. AHMAD LUTFI- AL-SAYYID, Lord Cromer before History 181 A Civilizing Mission 182 >> 68. ALICE CONKLIN, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa 1895—1930 182 Chapter 15 Technological Explanations 185 Winston Churchill Witnesses the Battle of Omdurman 187 >> 69. WINSTON S. CHURCHILL, The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan 187 Guerilla Tactics during the Ndebele Rebellion 188 >> 70. NDANSI KUMALO, The Story of Ndansi Kumalo of the Matabele Tribe, Southern Rhodesia 189 The Diffusion of Technology during the Age of Empires 189 >> 71. DANIEL HEADRICK, The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850—1940 190 Chapter 16 The Answer Is in the Periphery 193 African Incitements to British Imperialism? 194 >> 72. RONALD ROBINSON AND JOHN GALLAGHER WITH ALICE DENNY, Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism in the Dark Continent 195 The Constitution of the Fante Confederation and the Response of the British Administrator 196 >> 73. "Constitution of the New Fantee Confederacy" and a Letter from Administrator Salmon 197 Man-on-the-Spotism 198 >> 74. PHILIP D. CURTIN, The World and the West: The European Challenge and the Overseas Response in the Age of Empire 199 viii Contents British Intervention in Malaysia 200 >> 75. FRANK SWETTENHAM, British Malaya: An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya 201 Part 3 Conclusion 203 Part 4 Debating Global Wars, 1914—1945 205 Chapter 17 The "Long Fuse" of the First World War 210 Imperial Rivalries 213 >> 76. JAMES JOLL, The Origins of the First World War 213 Anglo-Russian Reconciliation 214 >> 77. Memorandum Respecting the Anglo-Russian Convention 215 Nationalism and the Origins of the First World War 216 >> 78. BERNADOTTE E. SCHMITT, The Origins of the First World War 217 The Cult of the Offensive 218 >> 79. STEPHEN VAN EVERA, The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War 218 A German General’s Perspective on the Causes of the First World War 220 >> 80. HELMUTH VON MOLTKE, Letter to Theobald von Bethman Hollweg 221 Chapter 18 The Joyful Leap to War 223 The Third Balkan War 224 >> 81. CLIVE PONTING, Thirteen Days: The Road to the First World War 225 Placing the Blame on Germany 226 >> 82. CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, Report Presented to the Preliminary Peace Conference 226 Debating German Aggression 228 >> 83. JAMES JOLL, The 1914 Debate Continues. Fritz Fischer and His Critics 228 The Conscription of Colonial Soldiers 231 >> 84. JOE LUNN, Memoirs of the Maelstrom: A Senegalese Oral History of the First World War 232 Woodrow Wilson Justifies the U.S. Entry into the War 234 >> 85. WOODROW WILSON, Address to Congress 234 The Zimmermann Telegram 236 >> 86. ARTHUR ZIMMERMANN, Decoded Telegram January 8, 1917 236 Chapter 19 The Rise of Fascism and Militarism 238 Benito Mussolini’s Definition of Fascism 240 >> 87. BENITO MUSSOLINI, Definition of Fascism 241 Contents ix "War Guilt" and "Reparations" Clauses of the Versailles Peace Treaty 242 >> 88. The Treaty of Versailles 242 Unemployment and Bankruptcy Figures for Germany 243 >> 89. The Nazi Years: A Documentary History 243 Hitler, Fanatic and Opportunist 243 >> 90. ALAN BULLOCK, Hitler and the Origins of the Second World War 244 The Hossbach Memorandum 245 >> 91. COLONEL COUNT FRIEDRICH HOSSBACH, Memorandum 246 The Way of Subjects 247 >> 92. GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN, The Way of Subjects 247 A Pragmatic Explanation for Japanese Belligerence 248 >> 93. JAMES B. CROWLEY, Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930—1938 249 Chapter 20 Appeasement and Isolationism 251 Haile Selassie’s Appeal to the League Assembly 253 >> 94. HAILE SELASSIE, Speech to the League of Nations Assembly 254 Neville Chamberlain Defends the Policy of Appeasement 255 >> 95. Parliamentary Debates: House of Commons 255 A Post-War Scholar Attacks Appeasement 257 >> 96. JOHN W. WHEELER-BENNETT, Munich: Prologue to Tragedy 257 A Revisionist View of Appeasement 259 >> 97. DONALD CAMERON WATT, How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938—1939 259 Roosevelt and the Nazi Threat 260 >> 98. ARNOLD A. OFFNER, The United States and National Socialist Germany 261 Soviet Policy and the Nazi Threat 263 >> 99. MAXIM LITVINOV, Address to the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union 264 Chapter 21 The Holocaust 266 An Intentionalist Perspective on the Holocaust 268 >> 100. LUCY S. DAWIDOWICZ, The Holocaust and the Historians 268 A Structuralist Interpretation of the Wannsee Conference 270 >> 101. CHRISTIAN GERLACH, The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of the German Jews, and Hitler’s Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews 271 Protocol of the Wannsee Conference, 20 January 1942 273 >> 102. ADOLPH EICHMAN, Protocol of the Wannsee Conference 274 x Contents The Colonial Origins of Genocide? 275 >> 103. SVEN LINDQVIST, Exterminate All the Brutes 276 Order Establishing Concentration Camps in the South African War 277 >> 104. LORD KITCHENER, Circular Memorandum N. 29 278 Part 4 Conclusion 280 Part 5 Debating Globalization, Nationalism, and Modernity, 1945—Present 282 Chapter 22 Perspectives on Decolonization 285 Nationalism in West Africa 287 >> 105. JEAN SURET-CANALE AND A. ADU BOAHEN, West Africa 1945—1960 288 Mohandas Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj and "Message to Chinese Women" 289 >> 106. MOHANDAS GANDHI, Hind Swaraj, or Indian Home Rule [1910] and Message to Chinese Women 290 Kwame Nkrumah on Organizing a National Political Movement 292 >> 107. KWAME NKRUMAH, I Speak of Freedom: A Statement of African Ideology 292 Nelson Mandela’s Rivonia Manifesto 294 >> 108. NELSON MANDELA, Statement from the Dock at the Rivonia Trial, Pretoria Supreme Court 295 The International Context of Decolonization 296 >> 109. DAVID ABERNETHY, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415—1980 297 The United Nations’ Declaration on the Granting of Independence 298 >> 110. Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples 299 Chapter 23 Perspectives on the Cold War 302 An American Perspective on Soviet Cold War Strategy 304 >> 111. GEORGE F. KENNAN, Long Telegram 305 A Soviet Perspective on American Cold War Strategy 306 >> 112. NIKOLAI NOVIKOV, Telegram 306 Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam 307 >> 113. HO CHI MINH, Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam 308 A U.S. Veteran’s Interpretation of the Origins of the Vietnam War 309 >> 114. JAMES WEBB, Why We Fought and Why We Would Do It Again 309 Contents xi Chapter 24 Perspectives on Globalization 313 An American Century? 315 >> 115. DAVID REYNOLDS, American Globalism: Mass, Motion, and the Multiplier Effect 315 Transnationality 317 >> 116. KEITH SUTER, Global Order and Global Disorder: Globalization and the Nation-State 317 Underdevelopment in Latin America 319 >> 117. ANDRE GUNDER FRANK, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil 320 Subcomandante Marcos on the "The Fourth World War" 322 >> 118. SUBCOMANDANTE MARCOS, The Fourth World War 322 Interview with Medha Patkar 324 >> 119. ROBERT JENSEN, Interview with Medha Patkar 324 Chapter 25 Perspectives on Civilizations and Struggles 327 The Clash of Civilizations? 329 >> 120. SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON, The Clash of Civilizations? 329 Edward Said Critiques the "Clash of Civilizations" Thesis 331 >> 121. EDWARD W. SAID, The Clash of Ignorance 332 George W. Bush on the Struggle between "Good" and "Evil" 334 >> 122. GEORGE W. BUSH, Graduation Speech at the United States Military Academy 334 Why Multiculturalism? 336 >> 123. IMAM FEISAL ABDUL RAUF, Why Multiculturalism? 336 Part 5 Conclusion 340