A Broad and Ennobling Spirit: Workers and Their Unions in Late Gilded Age New York and Brooklyn, 1886-1898(Contributions in Labor Studies)

With the introduction of new production methods and technological innovation, tradesmen and workers encountered new challenges. This study examines the development of trade unions as a manifestation of working class experience in late Gilded Age America. It underscores both the distinctive and the common features of trade unionism across four occupations: building tradesmen, cigar makers, garment workers, and printers. While reactions differed, the unions representing these workers displayed a convergence in their strategic orientation, programmatic emphasis and organizational modus operandi. As such, they were not disparate organizations, concerned only with sectional interests, but participants in an organizational-network in which cooperation and solidarity became benchmarks for the labor movement. Printers coped with the mechanization of typesetting by promoting greater cooperation among the different craft unions within the industry, with the aim of establishing effective job control. Building tradesmen exerted a pragmatic militancy, which combined strikes with overtures to the employers' business sense, to uphold the standards of craft labor. Cigar makers, especially handicraftsmen who found their position threatened by machinery and the growth of factory production, debated the merits of a craft-based union against the possible advantages of an industrial-oriented organization. Garment workers, caught in the snare of a sweating system of labor in which wages and work loads were inversely related, organized unions to mount strikes during the busy season in the hope of securing higher wages, only to see them whither in the midst of slack periods.

Table of Contents:
Preface Introduction Abbreviations Workers in the Metropolitan Economies of New York and Brooklyn The State of Labor in 1886: Trade Union Development and the Springtime of Labor Reform Cooperative Unionism and the Printers' Reassertion of Craft Labor Cigarmakers at the Crossroads: Defending a Craft or Organizing and Industry? Building Tradesmen: Labor's Militant Pragmatists Garment Workers and the Travail of Seasonal Unionism Labor and Electoral Politics in the 1890s: Trade Unionism by Other Means Conclusion Appendices Bibliography Index

About the Author :
RONALD MENDEL is Senior Lecturer in American Studies at University College, Northampton. He has held previous positions at Rutgers University and the City University of New York.

Review :
[W]ell written and the argument convincing….Recommended. Graduate, faculty, and professional collections. [R]onald Mendel offers a highly detailed study of worker experiences and union organization in four trades (cigar making, printing, building, and garment making) in New York and Brooklyn in the late Gilded Age….[t]here is much to learn in his account of the complexity and flexibility of craft workers' responses to their evolving economic circumstances in two major cities at the end of the nineteenth century.