Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology: 11

Although the field of contemporary immunobiology continues to diversify and encompass an increasing array of biomedical disciplines and topics, there are frequently several themes that will receive special emphasis and prominence at any given time. It is our hope that this series will reflect these themes and pro- vide an appropriate venue for exposure of such topics at a useful time. Although this particular volume is not designated as one of the special topics volumes in this series, the selected topics have in essence come together to con- sider aspects of two major areas of considerable research interest in immuno- biology today. These concern new approaches and insights into an understanding of the tumor-host relationship, and aspects of cellular interactions and networks as approached by various different lines of investigation. The province of tumor immunology remains one of the most challenging areas to immunologists, as it of necessity involves not only developing an under- standing of the neoplastic process itself and how the immune system responds, but of eventually using this information in a diagnostic or therapeutic manner.

Table of Contents:
1 Cancer: A Problem in Somatic Cell Evolution.- I. Introduction.- II. Is Escape from Senescence on the Pathway to Cancer?.- III. Are Metastases or Angiogenesis on the Pathway to Cancer?.- IV. Is Anchorage-Independent Growth on the Pathway to Cancer?.- A. Introduction.- B. Models for the Expression of Anchorage-Dependent Growth.- C. The Mutation from Anchorage-Dependent to Anchorage-Independent Growth.- D. The Coordinate Expression of Anchorage-Independent Growth and Tumorigenicity.- E. The Expression of Anchorage-Independent Growth as a Result of Mutation vs. Anchorage-Independent Growth as a Result of Differentiation.- V. Can We Put Order in the Data Concerning the Immune Response to Tumors?.- A. An Immunological Framework within Which Tumor-Immune System Evolution Can Be Rationalized.- B. The Tumor-Host Immune System Interaction.- VI. Natural Killer Activity and Cancer.- VII. The Bottom Line.- A. Transformation.- B. Evasion.- C. Are There Universals?.- VIII. References.- 2 The Genetic and Cellular Basis of Regulation of the Immune Response to Tumor Antigens.- I. Introduction.- II. Cellular Interactions.- A. Synergy of T Cells in Vitro and in Vivo.- B. Suppressor-T-Cell-Effector-T-Cell Interactions.- C. Macrophage-Lymphocyte Interactions.- III. Genetic Basis of the Immune Response to Tumor Antigens.- A. Genetic Resistance to Virus-Induced Tumors.- B. Genetic Basis of the Response to Other Tumor Types.- C. H-2 Products and Tumor Antigens.- D. Alloantigens and the Relationship to Tumor Antigen.- IV. Effector T Cells.- V. Suppressor T Cells.- A. Suppressor Factors and Suppressor Cell Circuits.- B. Suppression of Myeloma Cell Function.- C. The Ultraviolet-Light-Induced Tumor System.- D. Immunological Modulation of Tumor Responses in Vivo.- VI. Summary.- VII. References.- 3 Monoclonal Antibodies to Tumor Antigens.- I. Introduction.- II. Methodology.- A. Generation of Spleen Cell-Myeloma Cell Hybrids.- B. Isolation of Hybridomas Producing Specific Antibodies.- C. Production, Purification, and Characterization of Hybridoma Antibodies.- D. Serological Analysis of Cell Surface Antigens Identified by Hybridoma Antibodies.- E. Purification and Structural Analysis of Cell Surface Antigens Identified by Hybridoma Antibodies.- III. Antigens of Mouse Tumors.- A. Differentiation Antigens.- B. Antigens of Chemically Transformed Fibroblasts.- C. Murine Leukemia Virus Antigens.- IV. Antigens of Human Tumors.- A. Melanoma Antigens.- B. Neuroblastoma Antigens.- C. Colon Carcinoma Antigens.- D. Leukemia Antigens.- V. Conclusions.- VI. References.- 4 Continuous Cytotoxic T-Cell Lines.- I. Introduction.- II. Cytolytic T-Lymphocyte Lines.- A. The Creation of Cloned, Monospecific CTLL.- B. Human CTLL.- C. CTLL Immunotherapy.- III. Methods for Culturing T Cells.- A. The TCGF(IL2) Assay.- B. The Production of TCGF(IL2).- C. The Initiation and Maintenance of T-Cell Lines.- IV. The Immunobiologic Significance of TCGF(IL2).- V. Conclusions.- VI. References.- 5 The Role of MuLV Receptors on T-Lymphoma Cells in Lymphoma Cell Proliferation.- I. Introduction.- II. Each T Lymphoma Will Bear Surface Receptors Which Specifically Recognize Its Inducing MuLV.- A. Cell Surface Retrovirus Binding Can Be Detected by FACS Analysis.- B. Retrovirus Binding to T-Lymphoma Cells May Lead to Infection.- III. Retrovirus Receptors Can Be Used to Distinguish Incipient T Lymphomas from Other T Cells.- IV. Substances Which Interfere with Receptor Binding Inhibit T-Lymphoma Proliferation.- V. T-Lymphoma Receptors Should Have Variable Regions Analogous to Immunoglobulins and Normal T-Cell Receptors.- VI. Continuous in Vivo Antigenic Stimulation of Appropriate Normal T-Cell Clones Should Also Be Lymphomagenic.- VII. Concluding Remarks.- VIII. References.- 6 On Network Theory and H-2 Restriction.- I. Introduction.- II. The Cross-Linking Postulate and Symmetry in the System.- A. First Competing Theory: The Conformational Change Model.- B. Second Competing Theory: The Mitogen Receptor Model.- C. Evidence for Cross-Linking of Receptors as an Activating Mechanism in the Stimulation of Lymphoid Cells.- III. The Antigen-Specific T-Cell-Factor Postulate.- IV. The Nonspecific T-Cell-Dependent Helper Factor Postulate.- V. Summary of the Postulates of the Model.- VI. The Stable States.- VII. Modes of Response of the System.- A. Comparison with the Bretscher-Cohn Theory.- B. A Second Type of Specific Immune Response-Killer T Cells.- C. Models for the Regulation of Class.- VIII. Is the Model Too Simple? Subclasses of T Cells.- IX. The T-Cell Repertoire.- A. The Phenomenology.- B. Popular Models: "Altered Self," Two Specific Receptors.- C. An Alternative Concept.- X. Implications of the Theory for the Design of Experiments.- XI. Recapitulation.- XII. On the Analogy with the Central Nervous System.- XIII. References.- 7 VH Gene Products Allow Specific Communication among Immunologic Cell Sets.- I. Introduction.- II. Genetic and Serologic Definition of Idiotype on B and T Cells.- A. Linkage.- B. Serologic Definition of id+ B-Cell Products.- C. Definition of Idiotypic Determinants on T Cells.- D. Analysis of Serum Antibodies after Stimulation by Antigen.- III. Influence of Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies on Idiotype Expression.- IV. id-Specific Suppression by T Cells.- A. Cellular Targets of id-Specific T Suppression.- V. Idiotype-Specific Activation by T Cells.- VI. References.- 8 Radiation-Induced Augmentation of the Immune Response.- I. Introduction.- II. Review of Published Data.- A. In Vivo Observations.- III. Interpretation.- IV. Work in Progress and Future Initiatives.- V. Summary.- VI. References.- 9 Antibody Production to Antigen-Specific Factors.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- III. Rabbit Antisera to Suppressor Factor.- IV. Mouse Antisera to Suppressor Factor.- V. Antisera to Helper Factors.- VI. A Model of Specific Factor Structure.- VII. Conclusions and Prospects.- VIII. References.