Enzyme Engineering: Volume 2

Considerable worldwide interest has arisen in recent years in the controlled use of enzymes as catalysts in industrial processing, analytical chemistry and medical therapy. This interest has genera- ted the new interdisciplinary field of Enzyme Engineering, which includes both the scientific and technologic aspects of the produc- tion, purification, immobilization, and application of enzymes in a variety of situations and reactor configurations. A series of Engineering Foundation conferences on Enzyme Engineering was initia- ted to provide an international forum for the exchange of ideas and information over the entire range of this new field. The outstanding success of the first two conferences attests to the vigor and poten- tial of this field to contribute significantly to a better under- standing and resolution of some of the major problems faced by man- kind. The first conference, which was held August 9-13, 1971, at Henniker, New Hampshire, U. S. A. , aided significantly in molding the several traditional disciplines that interact to form the field of Enzyme Engineering. The conference was highly successful mainly because many of the key scientists and engineers from the several facets of Enzyme Engineering were brought together for the first time at a single residential meeting. The result was an exchange of ideas and "education" of one another in the pertinent principles of the diverse disciplines which contribute to this field. The second conference, held August 5-10, 1973, at Henniker, New Hampshire, U. S. A.

Table of Contents:
Content.- Developments and Challenge of Enzyme Engineering.- 1973 Henniker Delphi Study.- Session I. Enzymes: Regulation and New Sources.- Stability of Enzymes from Thermophilic Microorganisms.- Polypeptide Hormones from Tissue Culture.- Design Consideration for Animal Cell Cultures as Sources of Enzymes.- Session II. New Purification Techniques.- Recent Developments in Enzyme Isolation Processes.- Protein Purification by Immunoadsorption.- Purification of Urokinase by Affinity Chromatography.- Short Report:.- Derivatives of Controlled Pore Glass for Affinity Chromatography.- Session III. New Immobilization Techniques and Supports.- Review of Recent Enzyme Immobilization Techniques.- Encapsulation of Enzymes in Liquid Membrane Emulsions.- An Organic Millieu in Immobilized Enzyme Synthesis and Catalysis.- Immobilization of Enzymes on Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins.- Derivatized Nylon: A New Support for the Immobilization of Enzymes.- New Immobilization Techniques and Supports.- Stabilization and Immobilization of Enzymes with Imidoesters.- Complexation of Enzymes or Whole Cells with Collagen.- Short Reports:.- Immobilized Enzymes Using Resinous Carriers.- Covalent Coupling of Small Molecules and Proteins to Poly (2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Methacrylic Acid) Hydrogels.- Session IV. Immobilized Multi-Step Enzyme Systems: Physical Methods for Examining Immobilized Enzymes.- Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Immobilized Multi-Step Enzyme Systems.- Enzyme Reactions for Preparative Scale Synthesis.- Application of Circular Dichroism to the Study of Enzyme Polymer Conjugates.- Fluorescence Investigation of Immobilized Enzymes.- Effects of the Matrix Environment on Protein Structure.- Short Reports:.- Electron Spin Resonance Investigations into the Interaction Between Proteins and Synthetic Polymers.- Some Observations on the Behavior of an Immobilized Allosteric Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase.- Session V. Use of Immobilized Coenzymes.- Nucleotide Affinity Labels.- Continuous Processing with Cofactor Requiring Enzymes: Coenzyme Retention and Regeneration.- NADH Coupled to Soluble Dextran: Synthesis and Properties.- Enzymatic Regeneration of ATP from AMP and ADP Part I. Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Process Development.- Enzymatic Regeneration of ATP from AMP and ADP Part II. Enzyme Immobilization and Reactor Development.- ATP Regeneration Using Immobilized Carbamyl Phosphokinase.- Immobilization of Coenzyme A and Its Application.- Synthesis and Application of Matrix Bound AMP, NAD+ and Other Adenine Nucleotides.- Session VI. Reactor Design.- Well-Mixed Immobilized Enzyme Reactors.- Reactor Analysis with Laser Microspectrophotometry.- Open Tubular Heterogeneous Enzyme Reactors.- Annular Column Enzyme Reactors.- Kinetic Analysis of a Urease Electrode.- Short Reports:.- Temperature Effects on the Design of Enzyme Reactors.- Immobilized Enzymes: Diffusion and Sigmoid Kinetics in Packed Bed Reactors.- Session VII. Industrial Applications of Immobilized Enzymes.- Food and Product Considerations in the Application of Immobilized Enzymes.- Fiber Entrapped Enzymes.- Continuous Enzyme Reactions by Immobilized Microbial Cells.- Immobilized Glucose Isomerase for the Production of High Fructose Syrups.- Treatment of Milk with Immobilized Proteases and Oxidoreductases.- Short Reports:.- Removal of Serum Hepatitis Antigen from Factor IX with an Immunoadsorbent.- Immobilized Lactase Used in Fluidized Bed Reactors for Treating Cheese Whey.- Session VIII. Commercial Aspects of Enzymes.- Application of a Heat Stable Bacterial Amylase in the Starch Industry.- Toxicologic Studies on Proteolytic Enzymes in Animals and Man.- Recent Trends of Enzyme Engineering in Japan.- Survey of the Enzyme Industry.- Session IX. New Applications of Enzymes.- Analytical Uses of Immobilized Enzymes.- Application of Immobilized Enzymes to Chemical Analysis.- Application of Immobilized Enzymes to Detection and Monitoring.- Preparation of Immobilized Enzymes for Application in Automated Analysis.- Initiation of Enzyme Reactions by Light.- Thermal Enzyme Probe: A Novel Approach to Chemical Analysis.- Effects of Different Routes of in vivo Administration of Microencapsulated Enzymes.- L-Asparaginase from Escherichia coli II and Erwinia carotovora Bound to Poly (methyl methacrylate).- Trends in the Use of Immobilized Enzymes and Proteins in Human Therapeutics.- Use of Collagen Immobilized Enzymes in Blood Treatment.- Appendix I. Recommendations for Standardization of Nomenclature in Enzyme Technology.- List of Participants.