The Making of a Periphery: How Island Southeast Asia Became a Mass Exporter of Labor(Columbia Studies in International and Global History)

Island Southeast Asia was once a thriving region, and its products found eager consumers from China to Europe. Today, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia are primarily exporters of their surplus of cheap labor, with more than ten million emigrants from the region working all over the world. How did a prosperous region become a peripheral one? In The Making of a Periphery, Ulbe Bosma draws on new archival sources from the colonial period to the present to demonstrate how high demographic growth and a long history of bonded labor relegated Southeast Asia to the margins of the global economy. Bosma finds that the region’s contact with colonial trading powers during the early nineteenth century led to improved health care and longer life spans as the Spanish and Dutch colonial governments began to vaccinate their subjects against smallpox. The resulting abundance of workers ushered in extensive migration toward emerging labor-intensive plantation and mining belts. European powers exploited existing patron-client labor systems with the intermediation of indigenous elites and non-European agents to develop extractive industries and plantation agriculture. Bosma shows that these trends shaped the postcolonial era as these migration networks expanded far beyond the region. A wide-ranging comparative study of colonial commodity production and labor regimes, The Making of a Periphery is of major significance to international economic history, colonial and postcolonial history, and Southeast Asian history.

Table of Contents:
List of Tables, Maps, and Figures Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Smallpox Vaccination and Demographic Divergences in the Nineteenth Century 2. The External Arena: Local Slavery and International Trade 3. Saved from Smallpox but Starving in the Sugar Cane Fields: Java and the Northwestern Philippines 4. The Labor-Scarce Commodity Frontiers, 1870s–1942 5. The Periphery Revisited: Commodity Exports, Food, and Industry, 1870s–1942 6. Postcolonial Continuities in Plantations and Migrations Conclusion Appendix: Methodological Notes Notes Bibliography Index

About the Author :
Ulbe Bosma is senior researcher at the International Institute of Social History and professor of international comparative social history at the Free University of Amsterdam. His publications include Being “Dutch” in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500–1920 (2008) and The Sugar Plantation in India and Indonesia: Industrial Production, 1770–2010 (2013).

Review :
The incorporation of island Southeast Asia into the global capitalist economy was not one homogenizing process, as scholars from Immanuel Wallerstein to Daron Acemoglu would have it. Instead, local demographic, social, and political conditions determined the emergence of a variety of labor relations, migration patterns, and patterns of social inequality. In this pathbreaking book, Ulbe Bosma shows in great empirical detail how these diverse forms emerged centuries ago and continue to influence the connection between island Southeast Asia and the capitalist world economy to this day. Not institutions but bonded labor and demography are the roots of the reversal of fortune of Island Southeast Asia (the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaya); these areas are not just the periphery of the West but a crucial ring in the global commodity chain. By revisiting the major theories and analyses of dependency, Ulbe Bosma provides new insights on the long history of Southeast Asia and well beyond it, he provides an original, decentralized perspective on the rise and transformations of global capitalism. Ulbe Bosma makes a subtle and convincing argument for a more nuanced approach to the “reversal of fortune” thesis. Primary exports can bring development, and deindustrialization has been exaggerated. Malaysia, where the colonial authorities remained relatively independent of estates and mines, was less affected than Luzon or Java, where colonial powers taxed and spent too little. Populist policies of independent states need to be taken into account. This is a timely, important, and substantial book that makes a complex argument to explain long-term transformations in the economic performance of island Southeast Asia. This is a well‐researched study of an important aspect of the economic history of these countries over the past two centuries. Scholars and practitioners in the field of history, international relations, agrarian and labor studies will find this book very useful. The research done for this book should inspire others to follow. Will be interesting for scholars from the region and helpful in understanding and contextualizing their present conditions; but it will especially be interesting for scholars working on labour history, as labour and its processes are at the heart of the analysis.