Articulating Difference: Sex and Language in the German Nineteenth Century

Enriches contemporary debates about gender and language by probing the histories of the philosophy and sciences of language. Drawing on a wide range of texts, from understudied ethnographic and scientific works to canonical literature and philosophy, Sophie Salvo uncovers the prehistory of the inextricability of gender and language. Taking German discourses on language as her focus, she argues that we are not the inventors but, rather, the inheritors and adapters of the notion that gender and language are interrelated. Particularly during the long nineteenth century, ideas about sexual differences shaped how language was understood, classified, and analyzed. As Salvo explains, philosophers asserted the patriarchal origins of language, linguists investigated "women's languages" and grammatical gender, and literary Modernists imagined "feminine" sign systems, and in doing so they not only deemed sex-based divisions to be necessary categories of language but also produced a plethora of gendered tropes and fictions, which they used both to support their claims and delimit their disciplines. Articulating Difference charts new territory, revealing how gendered conceptions of language make possible the misogynistic logic of exclusion that underlies arguments claiming, for example, that women cannot be great orators or writers. While Salvo focuses on how male scholars aligned language study with masculinity, she also uncovers how women responded, highlighting the contributions of understudied nineteenth-century works on language that women wrote even as they were excluded from academic opportunities.

Table of Contents:
Introduction Language Study and Its Disciplines Gender and Language in the History of Knowledge 1. Gendered Origins One Male, the Other Female Herder and the Labor of Language Fichte, Language, and “Beings of Man’s Own Kind” Wilhelm von Humboldt and the Matter of Form 2. “Women’s Language” and the Language of Science Constructing “the Primitive” Historical Characterizations of Women’s Speech Weibersprache Universalized The Euphemistic Language of Women “Women’s Language” into the Twentieth Century 3. The Sex of Language: Grammatical Gender Grammatical Gender as Capricious Category Heterosexual Nouns Gender’s Necessity A Meaningless Form 4. Women Writing on Language Carla Wenckebach’s Universal Subjects The Self-Creations of Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos Elise Richter’s Androgynous Diagrams 5. Modernism’s Masculine Language Crisis Hofmannsthal’s Female Bodies Feminine Language and Narrative Form in Musil Uncomprehended Symbolism Coda. Gender and Language Today Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index

About the Author :
Sophie Salvo is assistant professor in the Department of Germanic Studies at the University of Chicago, affiliated with the Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality.

Review :
“Articulating Difference recovers an underappreciated chapter in the relationship between language and gender. . . . Salvo tackles these issues with insightful readings of passages in a language that eschews theoretical jargon and is, therefore, accessible to a wide audience including undergraduates.” “How does gender come to language? In this brilliant and lucid study, Salvo traces the ideas of gender that have informed ethnographic, philosophical, and philological theories of language since the eighteenth century. As wide-ranging as it is detailed, as patient as it is surprising, the story Salvo tells will have you look at current debates about gender and language with new eyes.” “Articulating Difference presents the first book-length study of the phantasmatic role of the feminine for historical linguistics in Germany and Western Europe more broadly, thus filling a significant gap in the scholarship. It is witty, exceptionally well researched, and politically acute. Salvo has made a major contribution to our understanding of gender in a crucial domain of German intellectual and literary history.”