Analyzing English Grammar: International Edition

This advanced grammar text encourages students to think critically about grammar and exposes them to a variety of linguistic theories as it prepares them to become K-12 English teachers. Designed to support and assist students in learning about the structure of the English language, this textbook provides students with sound pedagogical grammar instruction while drawing upon traditional, structural, and transformational grammatical theory. Unlike similar texts, Analyzing English Grammar speaks directly to students by providing clear explanations. It then challenges them to be conscious of their own learning processes by incorporating a variety of strategies that extend beyond memorization and into critical thinking and analysis.

Table of Contents:
Preface xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 What Is Grammar? 2 Grammar Versus Usage 6 Descriptive Grammars 8 Grammatical Prototypes 10 Learning About Grammar 13 Aids to Learning About Language 15 Diagramming 15 IC Analysis 16 Phrase Structure Trees 17 Suggestions for Reading This Book 17 Key Terms 18 Endnotes 18 CHAPTER 2 VARIETIES OF ENGLISH 19 Regional Dialects 21 Social Dialects 23 Standard American English 25 Styles 28 Second Language Acquisition 30 English in an International Context 32 Summary 35 Key Terms 36 Endnotes 36 CHAPTER 3 THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH 37 Morphemes 38 Allomorphs 43 Inflectional Morphemes 43 Noun Inflections 45 Verb Inflections 47 Adjective and Adverb Inflections 50 Functional Shift 50 Derivational Morphemes 52 Form Classes and Structure Classes 56 A Word About Words 57 Summary 59 Review Exercises 59 Key Terms 62 CHAPTER 4 FORM-CLASS WORDS 63 Form and Function 64 Forms with Overlapping Functions 65 Nouns 66 Prototypes and Peripheral Cases 69 Subclasses and Features 70 Noun Subclasses 71 Verbs 73 Verb Subclasses 75 Adjectives 76 Adjective Subclasses 78 Adverbs 81 Adverb Subclasses 84 Analyzing Form and Function 84 Comments and Suggestions 88 Summary 91 Review Exercises 91 Key Terms 93 Endnote 93 CHAPTER 5 STRUCTURE-CLASS WORDS, PART I: Modifying Words 95 Structure-Class Versus Form-Class Words 95 Determiners 99 Diagrams and Trees 104 Auxiliaries 106 Modal Auxiliaries 107 Have 108 Be 108 Do 109 Diagrams and Trees 111 Qualifiers 111 Diagrams and Trees 113 Pronouns 117 Pronouns as Noun-Phrase Substitutes 117 Personal Pronouns 118 Reflexive Pronouns 121 Reciprocal Pronouns 123 Indefinite Pronouns 123 Summary 127 Review Exercises 127 Key Terms 129 CHAPTER 6 STRUCTURE-CLASS WORDS, PART II: Connecting Words 131 Prepositions 131 Diagrams and Trees 133 Differences Between Prepositions and Adverbs 135 Differences Between Prepositions and Verb Particles 135 Differences Between Verb Particles and Adverbs 136 Conjunctions 138 Coordinating Conjunctions 138 Conjunctive Adverbs 141 Subordinating Conjunctions 142 Relatives 148 Interrogatives 152 Summary 154 Review Exercises 154 Key Terms 156 Endnote 156 CHAPTER 7 PHRASES 157 Subjects and Predicates 157 Form and Function 163 Recognizing Phrase Types 164 The Main Verb Phrase 170 Creating Verb Phrases 176 Time, Tense, and Aspect 184 Simple Tenses 185 Finite and Nonfinite Verb Forms 185 Compound Verb Forms–Perfect and Progressive 188 The Meaning of Modals 192 Other Auxiliaries 194 Have and Be as Main Verbs 196 The Subjunctive Mood 198 Summary 199 Review Exercises 200 Key Terms 203 Endnotes 203 CHAPTER 8 FIVE BASIC SENTENCE TYPES 205 Binary Structure 206 Type I–The Intransitive Type 208 Types II, III, and IV–Linking (Copular) Verbs 215 Type II–The Verb Be Requiring Adverbs of Time or Place 215 Type III–The Linking Verb Type with Adjectival Subject Complement 220 Type IV–The Linking Verb Type with Nominal Subject Complement 225 Type V–The Transitive Type 229 Transitive Verbs with Reflexive and Reciprocal Direct Objects 233 Transitive Verbs with Object Complements 234 Distinguishing Between Transitive and Linking Verb Sentence Types 236 Verbs That Function in More Than One Sentence Type 237 Summary 241 Review Exercises 244 Key Terms 246 CHAPTER 9 BASIC SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONS 247 The Indirect Object Transformation 248 Indirect Objects and Object Complements 251 The Passive Transformation 254 Direct and Indirect Objects 258 Other Transformations 265 Negative Sentences 266 Negative Sentences with Auxiliary Verbs 267 Negative Sentences with Be 268 Negative Sentences Without Auxiliary Verbs or Be 268 Interrogative Sentences 274 Yes/No Questions 274 Wh-Questions 278 Imperative Sentences 287 Verbs in Imperative Sentences 288 Summary 290 Review Exercises 290 Key Terms 292 CHAPTER 10 FINITE VERB CLAUSES, PART I: Adverbial and Adjectival Clauses 293 Sentence Varieties 295 Subordinate Clauses 299 Diagramming Subordinate Clauses 304 Subordinate Clauses That Can Function Adverbially or Adjectivally 306 Relative Clauses 307 Relative Clauses Within Prepositional Phrases 310 Diagramming Relative Clauses 311 The Omission of Relative Pronouns 315 Relative Adverbs 317 Relative Clauses Contrasted with Adverbial Subordinate Clauses 320 Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses 322 Summary 327 Review Exercises 327 Key Terms 330 CHAPTER 11 FINITE VERB CLAUSES, PART II: Nominal Clauses 331 That-Clauses 331 Differences Between Relative Clauses and Nominal That-Clauses 334 Appositive That-Clauses 335 Relative Clauses and Deletion Transformations: Appositives 337 Functions of Nominal That-Clauses 341 Diagramming Nominal That-Clauses 342 Interrogative Clauses 345 Diagramming Interrogative Clauses 348 Rhetorical Problems in Using Dependent Clauses 351 Elliptical Dependent Clauses 354 Summary 356 Review Exercises 356 Key Terms 359 CHAPTER 12 NONFINITE VERB PHRASES 361 Infinitive Phrases 362 Diagramming Infinitive Phrases 365 Passive Infinitives 370 Infinitives Without To 370 Functions of Infinitive Phrases 372 Adverbial Infinitives 372 Adjectival Infinitives 373 Nominal Infinitives 374 Differences Between Infinitives and Prepositional Phrases 377 Present Participle Phrases 377 Functions of Present Participle Phrases 379 Diagramming Present Participle Phrases 380 Differences Between Present Participles and Adjectives 385 Gerunds 386 Functions of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases 388 Differences Between Gerunds and Nouns 389 Past Participle Phrases 392 Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Participle Phrases 394 Summary 402 Review Exercises 402 Key Terms 406 APPENDIX: The Sounds of American English 407 Consonants of English 408 Allophones 412 Vowels of English 413 American Pronunciation 419 Pronunciation and Spelling 419 Phonics and Phonemic Awareness 421 Summary 422 Review Exercises 422 Key Terms 422 Glossary 423 Index 435