Educational Facilities Planning: Leadership, Architecture, and Management

This book includes a thorough conceptual framework, with descriptions and “how to” applications of educational planning, architectural design, and research. Serving as both a reference and textbook, each of the 18 chapters includes exercises to expand traditional and computer-assisted facilities planning and design activities. The book is amenable to web-assisted instruction and there are numerous citations from the Internet. Each chapter provides a special “reality-based” contribution to the educational facilities planning and design process. Ideas are conveyed through comprehensive descriptions, illustrations, summaries, and extended activities developed to increase understanding and emphasize the relevance of school planning and design in a regulated, political climate. The reader is guided to visualize a broader context for educational planning and design, where design principles are categorized according to building organization, primary education, shared school and community resources, character of all spaces, and site design and outdoor spaces.

Table of Contents:
Preface Part I: Educational Architecture: History and Principles of Design 1. History of Educational Architecture             Educational Architecture in the Colonial Period                         Societal Influences on Education in the Colonial Period                         The One-room Country Schoolhouse                         Lancasterian Schools             Educational Architecture of the Industrial Revolution                         Societal Influences on Education During the Industrial Revolution                         The Common School                         Immigration, Urbanization and Urban Schools of the 1920s             The Progressive Movement             The Birth of Educational Facility Planning             Educational Architecture in the Information Age                         Societal Influences on Education in the Information Age                         The Emergence of the Modern School Building             The Educational Facilities Laboratory             Open Education and Open Plan Schools             Alternative Schools Movement             Neighborhood School Movement             Community Education, Community Schools & Schools in the Community             Middle School Philosophy and the House Plan             Technology, the Virtual School and the Internet             Summary             Activities             References and Bibliography 2. Trends in Educational Architecture That Influence the Design of Learning Environments             Principles for Site & Building Organization                         1. Plan Schools as Neighborhood-Scaled Community Learning Centers                         2. Plan for Learning to Take Place Directly in the Community                         3. Create Smaller Schools                         4. Respect Contextual Compatibility While Providing Design Diversity                         5. Consider Home as a Template for School                         6. Meander Circulation While Ensuring Supervision                         7. Design for Safe Schools             Principles for Primary Educational Space                         8. Cluster Learning Areas                         9. Provide Space for Sharing Instructional Resources                         10. Design for a Variety of Learning Groups and Spaces                         11. Keep Class Sizes Small                         12. Provide Resource-Rich Well-Defined Activity Pockets                         13. Integrate Early Childhood Education into the School                         14. Provide a Home Base for Every Learner                         15. Regard Teachers as Professionals                         16. Provide Studios to Support Project-based Learning                         17. Encourage Educational Leadership by Decentralizing Administrative Space             Principles for Shared School and Community Facilities                         18. Establish a Community Forum                         19. Allow for Community Conferencing Space                         20. Create Privacy Niches                         21. Weave Together Virtual and Physical Learning Spaces             Community Spaces                         22. Provide Opportunities for Job Training                         23. Provide a Parents Information Center                         24. Provide Health Care Service Centers             Character of All Spaces                         25. Design Places with Respect for Scale and Developmental Need                         26. Maximize Natural and Full-Spectrum Lighting                         27. Design Healthy Buildings                         28. Design for Appropriate Acoustics             Site Design and Outdoor Learning Spaces                         29. Allow for Transitional Spaces Between Indoor and Outdoor Spaces                         30. Establish a Variety of Outdoor Learning Environments                         31. Separate Children and Pedestrians from Vehicles and Service             Summary             Activities             References and Bibliography                         Bound Sources                         Internet Sources Part II: Educational Facilities Planning 3. A Procedural Model for Developing Educational Facilities             Premises                         Premise 1. Strong leadership is essential                                      Premise 2. The school system has a defined direction - a mission and a vision                         Premise 3. School facilities are provided after long-range goals and objectives are established                         Premise 4. The educational program’s goals and objectives are linked to physical places                         Premise 5. Planning and design activities are integrated                         Premise 6. Management is systematic; data, and goal driven                         Premise 7. The demand for resources is greater than those available                         Premise 8. The school and community should work cooperatively             Connections in the Development Model                         Leadership                         Expertise, Resources, Data, and Information                         Involvement of the Students, Community, and Educators                         Evaluation             A Practical Application of the Model             Summary             Activities             References 4. A Review of Educational Facilities Planning Procedures                         A Definition of Planning                         The Objective for Planning and People Who Plan             A Broad Context for Planning                         Educational Facilities Planning Procedures (1970s and 1980s)                         Planning Procedures (The 1990s and Beyond)                         Classic Planning Approaches             A View of the Philosophy of Teaching and Learning             Environmental Psychology and Social Design             Summary             Activities             References Part III: Planning, Programming, and Design of Educational Learning Environments 5. Planning and Programming for A Capital Project             Need for Planning Activities             Phases in Planning for Educational Learning Environments                         Phase I- Determine the Principles and Values of the Community                         Phase III - Examine the Context                         Phase IV - Specify What is Realistic, Given the Context, Mission, Values and Beliefs                         Phase V - Envision Alternative School Environments That Capture the Surprise-free Scenarios                         Phase VI - Select the Best Alternative                         Phase VII — Program the Best Alternative                         Phase VIII- Complete Final Design and Pre-Construction Activities                         Phases IX and X — Construct and Occupy the Facility             Basic Milestones in Planning Capital Projects             Charting the Master Schedule of Activities             Planning a Capital Project for Remodeling a School             Summary             Activities             References 6. Architectural Design             The Relationship Between Planning and Design Activities             The Architectural Design Process                         Basic Design Services                         Construction Documents and Specifications                         Bidding and Negotiation                         Construction Administration                         Community Involvement in Design             Applications of School Design Principles                         Davidson Elementary School, Davidson, NC                         Cragmont Elementary School, Berkeley, California                         Crosswinds Arts and Science Middle School, Woodbury, MN                         The School for Environmental Studies, Apple Valley, Minnesota                         The Gary and Jerri-Ann Jacobs High Tech High School, San Diego, California                         Harbor City Charter School, Duluth, Minnesota                         Henry Ford Academy, Dearborn, Michigan                         Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy: Grainger Center for Imagination and Inquiry, Aurora, Il                         Canning Vale High School, Perth, Australia             Summary             Activities             References Part IV: School Construction and Capital Outlay Activities 7. Construction and Construction Management            Construction Delivery Methods               Competitive Bidding               Construction Management               Design/Build               The Construction Process               The Construction Project Team               The Bidding Process            Contract Documents            Construction Coordination               Phasing Construction Around School Activities             Change Orders                 Substantial Completion             Building Commissioning             Occupancy                 Liability Issues and Dispute Resolution             Summary             Activities             References                         Internet Resources                         Glossary             Appendix to Chapter 7             California’s Public School Construction Process Part V: Management, Maintenance, and Operations of School Buildings 8. Managing School Facilities                         Planning for Obsolescence                         Deferred Maintenance in School Facilities             A Model for Facility Management             The Organization of Maintenance & Operations at the District Level                         Custodial Services                         Maintenance and Operations Budget                         The District Maintenance and Operations Program             Facility Maintenance Management                         Forms of Facility Maintenance                         Preventive Maintenance                         Additional Forms of Facility Maintenance             The Role of Information Technology in Facility Management                         Computer-aided Facility Management (CAFM)                         Building Automation Systems                         Role of Internet in Facility Operations             Outsourcing Facility Management Services             Facility Management and Organizational Change             Maintenance & Operations at the School Site             Summary             Activities             References 9. Maintenance and Operations of the School Facility: The Role of the Principal             Organization and Management of M & O             Variables Affecting the Quality of M & O                         Crowding, and School Capacity                         Approximating Building Capacity - Formula 9.1                         Estimating Capacity - Formula 9.2                         Levels of Perceptions of Cleanliness                         Custodial Work Schedule and Work Load                         Estimating Custodial Staffing Needs                         Workload Formula - Formula 9.3                         Schedule for Custodians                         The Custodian’s Qualifications and Job Description                         Supervisor of Custodians                         Head Custodian                         Night Foreman                         Characteristic Duties and Responsibilities:             Student Care of the Learning Environments             The School Principal’s Role in School Maintenance             Fire Prevention and Protection             Mechanical Crafts and Maintenance             Knowledge of the Custodial Workstation             Priorities and Checklists for Preventive Maintenance             Summary             Activities             References Part VI: Legal and Financial Issues in Developing Educational Facilities 10. Legal Issues in School Facilities Planning, Design, and Construction             Contracts             Restraints on Government Actions                         Open Meetings                         Due Process and Eminent Domain                         Zoning and Building Codes             Compliance With Federal Statutes                         Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act                         The Americans with Disabilities Act                         Individuals with Disabilities Education Act             Tort Law             Playgrounds             Toxics and Environmental Impact             Non-Curricular Use of Public School Facilities             Funding Equity and Facilities             Security             Demographics and Desegregation             Summary             Activities             References 11. Financing School Infrastructure Projects             The Historical Perspective                         Local Funding Options             Determining What is Affordable             The Bond Issue                         Advantages                         Disadvantages                         Establishing a Credit Rating                         Bond Issue Dos and Don’ts                         Hiring Consultants                         Wording the Ballot             Accounting Procedures             Budgeting Issues                         Local Option Sales Taxes             Sinking Funds             Lease-Purchase Agreements & Certificates of Participation                         Pay-As-You Go             State Funding of Capital Projects             Direct State Aid             Flat Grants             Equalized Grants             Categorical Grants             State Loan Authorities             Federal Funding             Start Up Costs             Summary             Activities             References             Additional Suggested Readings Part VII: Research About the Physical Environment                         References 12. The Physical Environment and Student Achievement in Elementary Schools             Background: The School’s Physical Environment                         Movement Classifications                         Large Group Meeting Places                         Architectural Design                         Daylight and Views                         Color                         Location of the School Site                         Instructional Neighborhoods                         Outdoor Environments                         Instructional Laboratories                         Environmental             Method                         Instrumentation                         Reliability of the Instrument                         Data Collection                         Research Question and Assumptions             Results                         Third Grade                         Fifth Grade             Conclusions and Discussion             Implications             Summary             Activities             References             Appendix             Design Appraisal Scale for Elementary Schools 13. Classifications of Middle School Design             The Problem                         The Unique Character of Middle School Students                         Middle School Facility Design                         Environmental Attributes                         Learning Spaces                         Procedural Attributes                         Instrumentation             Components of the Design Assessment Scale for Middle Schools                         Zone 1 - Entry/Movement                             Zone 2 — Work                         Zone 3 - Storage Systems                         Zone 4 - Display and Mini-Museums                         Zone 5 - Living Things                         Zones 6 - Soft Areas                         Zone 7 — Teacher Spaces                         Zone 8 — Technology                         Zone 9 - Indoor/Outdoor Relationships                         Zone 10 — Environmental                         Zone 11 — Aesthetics             Scoring and Reliability             Procedures             Analysis and Findings             Supposition             Toward a Design Characteristic Language Theory             Need for Further Study             Summary             Activities             References 14. Investigating Environmental Quality in Schools             The Problem             Research Approach                         Case Study Selection Process                         Participant Selection                         Physical Facilities Inventory                         Observations, Interviews and Surveys                         Workshops                         Planning Workshops                         Cross-case Analysis             Case Study Narrative: Roger R. Cunningham Elementary School                         The Dilemma                         Obstacles to the Vision                         Facility Concerns                         The Solutions             Discussion and Conclusions             Summary             Activities             References 15. Identifying Relevant Variables for Understanding How School Facilities Affect Educational Outcomes             Research Problem             Methodology                         Phase I - Literature Analysis                         Phase II - Identifying Measures of Success Using a Concept Mapping Methodology                         Phase III - Identifying Physical Factors Plausibly Related to Measures of Success                         Phase IV — Identify Gaps and Develop Research Priorities             Findings                         Phase I - Literature Analysis                         Phase III: Identifying Physical Factors Plausibly Related to Measures of Success             Discussion             Future Research Needs             Summary             Activities             References             Appendix Part VII: Models, Examples, and Applications 16. Student Population Forecasting                         Introduction                         Background             Estimating Student Enrollment: The Modified Grade Progression Ratio Model                         Step 1- Obtain Resident Live Births For the County Where the School District is Located.                         Step 2- Determine the Net Enrollment by Grade Level for the Past Five Years.                         Step 3- Enter the Data Sets in the Model                         Step 4 — (Optional) Develop a 10-year Student Population Forecast.             Estimating the Enrollment for Various Levels                         One Elementary School                         One Middle School in a Large School System                         One High School                         Summary of Steps for the Electronic Spreadsheet             Adjusting The Student Population Forecast: A Case Study of Sunny River County             Forecasts by Year and Grade Level                         Possible Adjustments Based on the "Factor of Potential™"                         Possible Adjustments as A Result of an Expected Increase in Density                         A Guiding Factor for All Adjustments             Findings and Conclusions for Sunny River Schools             Accuracy of the Base Model             Summary             Activities             References             Appendix for Chapter 16             Formulae for the Base Model 17. A Collaborative Strategic Planning Activity for Planning and Designing Educational Facilities: A Case Study             Assumptions, Advantages, and Limitations of Strategic Planning                         Problem-Based Activities                         Managing Meetings             Developing a Strategic Plan — A Problem-Based Format             A Model for Strategic Planning                         Step: 1: Selecting Members and Organizing the SP Teams                         Step 2: Orienting Team Members                         Step 3: Determining Values about Learning Environments                         Step 4: Developing a Mission Statement                         Step 5: Scanning the External and Internal Environments                         Step 6: Constructing Surprise-Free Scenario Statements                         Examples of Surprise-Free Scenario Statements                         Step 7: Creating a Vision of the Program and Facilities                         Step 8: Developing the Educational Specifications                         Context                         Develop Philosophy Statements                         Complete Strategic Design Goals                         Formulate Educational Specifications                         Step 9: Going From Educational Specifications to School Design                         Step 10: Presenting the Strategic Plan and Concept Design of the School Program             Summary             Activities             Bibliography                         Selected Web Sites                         Glossary             Appendix for Chapter 17 18. Size and Space: Facts and Guidelines for Planning, Site Selection, and Design.             School Size             Space Needs                         The Child-Care Center                         Elementary School                         Secondary Schools             Translating the Educational Program into Space Needs             School Sites                         Steps in Site Selection                         Criteria for Site Selection             The Site Selection Team             Summary             Activities             References