Exercise Physiology: For Health, Fitness and Performance

This innovative text incorporates two new integrative approaches to exercise physiology. The first integrative approach unifies basic scientific facts with applied concepts in a manner that facilitates student learning and instructor presentation. Each of the three major units (the cardiovascular-respiratory system, the metabolic system, and the neuromuscular-skeletal system) follows a consistent sequence of presentation, namely: basic anatomy and physiology (including neurohormonal regulation), the measurement and meaning of exercise physiology variables, exercise responses, training principles and adaptations, and special applications, problems, or considerations. The second integrative approach brings together the available information relevant to all age groups and both sexes throughout the text. All of the populations encountered by professionals in the workplace (children, adolescents, young to middle aged adults and the elderly) are considered within each chapter. Coverage of special topics such as strength training for children, post-menopausal osteoporosis, eating disorders in adolescents and young adults, and immunology and overtraining in elite athletes highlights specific age and sex concerns. In addition, all charts and graphs are color-coded to represent the representative population. Active learning is emphasized throughout the text. Students are occasionally asked to interpret circumstances or deduce answers as they read. Equations and examples are presented for the students to work. Boxes are included which present questions of understanding with answers provides at the end of each chapter. Finally, each chapter ends with essay type review questions with answers provided in the instructor's resource manual.

Table of Contents:
UNIT 1. THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. 1.  Introduction: The Warm-Up. What is Exercise Physiology and Why Study It? Overview of the Text. The Exercise Response. Exercise Modalities Exercise Intensities Characteristics of the Exerciser Exercise Task (or Test) Used. Training. Training Adaptations Training Principles Health-Related Versus Sport-Specific Physical Fitness Periodization. Exercise and Training as Stressors. Selye's Theory of Stress Physiological Bases of Stress: Neurohormonal Control Overtraining. 2.  Respiration. Introduction. Structure of the Pulmonary System. The Conductive Zone The Respiratory Zone. Mechanics of Breathing. Respiratory Circulation. Minute Ventilation. Measurement of Lung Volumes. Static Lung Volumes Dynamic Lung Volumes Spirometry Gas Dilution Standardization. Partial Pressure of a Gas: Dalton's Law. Regulation of Pulmonary Ventilation. The Respiratory Centers Anatomical Centers and Factors Affecting Control of Pulmonary Ventilation. Gas Exchange and Transport. Gas Exchange: Henry's Law External Respiration Internal Respiration Oxygen Transport Carbon Dioxide Transport The Respiratory System and Acid-Base Balance. 3.  Respiratory Exercise Response, Training Adaptations, and Special Considerations. Introduction—Response of the Respiratory System to Exercise. Short Term, Submaximal, Light-Moderate-Intensity Dynamic Aerobic Exercise Prolonged Constant, Relatively Heavy, Submaximal Dynamic Aerobic Exercise Incremental Dynamic Aerobic Exercise to Maximum Static Exercise Entrainment of Respiration During Exercise. The Influence of Age and Sex on Respiration at Rest and During Exercise. Children and Adolescents Older Adults Male-Female Respiratory Differences. Respiratory Training Adaptations. Lung Volumes and Capacities Pulmonary Ventilation External and Internal Respiration Why Are There So Few Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise Training? Special Considerations. The Impact of Attitude on Exercise and Training Hypoxic Swim Training Exercise Training and Pollution. 4.  The Cardiovascular System. Introduction. Overview of the Cardiovascular System. The Heart Vascular System Blood Hormonal Control of Blood Volume. Cardiovascular Dynamics. Cardiac Output. Regulation of the Cardiovascular System. Neural Control Anatomical Sensors and Factors Affecting Control of the Cardiovascular System Neurohormonal Control. Assessment of Cardiovascular Variables. Cardiac Output Stroke Volume Heart Rate Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 max) Blood Pressure. 5.  Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise. Introduction. Cardiovascular Responses to Dynamic Aerobic Exercise. Short-Term, Submaximal, Light-to-Moderate-Intensity Exercise Prolonged, Heavy, Submaximal Dynamic Exercise Incremental Dynamic Exercise to Maximum Upper-body Versus Lower-body Exercise Sex Differences During Dynamic Aerobic Exercise Responses of Children to Dynamic Exercise Responses of the Elderly to Dynamic Exercise. Cardiovascular Responses to Static Exercise. Intensity of Muscle Contraction Sex Differences in Static Exercise Cardiovascular Response to Static Exercise in Older Adults Cardiovascular Responses to Dynamic Resistance Exercise. 6.  Cardiorespiratory Training Principles and Adaptations. Introduction. Application of the Training Principles. Specificity Overload Individualization Adaptation Progression Maintenance Retrogression/Plateau/Reversibility Warm-Up and Cool-Down. Cardiovascular Adaptations to Endurance Training. Overview Sex Differences in Adaptations Adaptations in Children Adaptations in the Elderly. Cardiovascular Adaptations to Dynamic Resistance Training. Cardiac Dimensions Stroke Volume and Heart Rate Blood Pressure Maximal Oxygen Consumption. 7.  Thermoregulation. Introduction. Exercise in Environmental Extremes. Basic Concepts. Measurement of Environmental Conditions Measurement of Body Temperature Thermal Balance Heat Exchange Heat Exchange During Exercise. Exercise in the Heat: Cardiovascular Demands. Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Response to Exercise in the Heat Sex Differences in Exercise Response in Heat Exercise Response of Older Adults in the Heat Exercise Response of Children in the Heat Heat Illness. Exercise in the Cold. Cold-Induced Injuries Prevention Factors Influencing Cold Tolerance. 8.  Cardiorespiratory System in Health and Disease. Introduction. Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Major Modifiable Risk Factors Contributing Modifiable Risk Factors Selected Non-traditional Risk Factors. Children and the Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Cholesterol/Lipid Fractions Cigarette Smoking Hypertension Physical Inactivity—Diabetes Mellitus Obesity Stress, Fibrinogen and Fibrinolytic Activity. Immune System, Exercise, Training, and Illness. Immune Response Effect of Exercise on Immune Response Hormonal Control of Immune Response to Exercise Training Adaptations. Selected Interactions of Exercise and Immune Function. Exercise, the Immune System, and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Exercise, the Immune System, and Cancer Exercise, the Immune System, and AIDS. UNIT 2. METABOLIC SYSTEM. 9.  Energy Production. Introduction. Cellular Respiration. Carbohydrate Metabolism Fat Metabolism Protein Metabolism. The Regulation of Cellular Respiration and ATP Production. Intracellular Extracellular. Fuel Utilization at Rest and During Exercise. 10.  Anaerobic Metabolism During Exercise. The Energy Continuum. Measurement of Anaerobic Metabolism. Laboratory Procedures. The Anaerobic Exercise Response. Oxygen Deficit and Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption ATP-PC Changes Lactate Changes. Male vs. Female Anaerobic Characteristics. The Availability and Utilization of ATP-PC The Accumulation of Lactate Mechanical Power and Capacity. Anaerobic Exercise Characteristics of Children. The Availability and Utilization of ATP-PC The Accumulation of Lactate The Lactate Thresholds Mechanical Power and Capacity. Anaerobic Exercise Characteristics of Older Adults. The Availability and Utilization of ATP-PC The Accumulation of Lactate Mechanical Power and Capacity. Heritability of Anaerobic Characteristics. 11.  Aerobic Metabolism During Exercise. Laboratory Measurement of Aerobic Metabolism. Calorimetry Spirometry. Aerobic Exercise Responses. Oxygen Consumption/Carbon Dioxide Production The Oxygen Cost of Breathing Respiratory Quotient/Respiratory Exchange Ratio Lactate Changes Estimation of Caloric Intake and Expenditure The Metabolic Equivalent (MET). Field Estimates of Energy Expenditure During Exercise. Metabolic Calculations Based on Mechanical Work or Standard Energy Use Motor Sensors/Accelerometers Activity Recalls and Questionnaires. Efficiency and Economy. Efficiency Economy of Walking or Running. Why Do Economy and Efficiency Matter? Heritability of Aerobic Characteristics. 12.  Metabolic Training Principles and Adaptations. Introduction. Application of the Training Principles for Metabolic Enhancement. Specificity Overload Adaptation Progression Individualization Maintenance Retrogression/Plateau/Reversibility. Warm-Up and Cool-Down. Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Training. Substrate or Fuel Supply Enzyme Activity Oxygen Utilization Lactate Accumulation ATP Production, Storage, and Turnover. Impact of Genetics on Metabolic on Metabolic Trainability. Submaximal Substrate or Fuel Utilization Maximal Work Output and Oxygen Consumption Genetic Variability. 13.  Nutrition for Fitness and Athletics. Introduction. Nutrition and Training. Kilocalories Carbohydrate Protein Fat Vitamins Minerals. Nutrition and Competition. Carbohydrate Loading (Glycogen Supercompensation) Pre-Event Meal Feeding During Exercise Fluid Ingestion During and After Exercise. Eating Disorders. 14.  Body Composition: Determination and Importance. Introduction. Body Composition Assessment. Laboratory Techniques Field Tests of Body Composition. Overweight and Obesity. What Happens to Adipose Cells in Obesity? The Cellular Basis of Obesity Fat Distribution Patterns Waist to Hip Ratio Health Risks of Overweight Obesity. Heredity and Body Composition. 15.  Body Composition and Weight Control. The Caloric Balance Equation. Food Ingested Basal/Resting Metabolism Thermogenesis The Impact of Diet, Exercise, and Exercise Training on Energy Expenditure The Impact of Diet, Exercise Training, and Diet Plus Exercise Training on Body Composition and Weight. Application of the Training Principles for Weight and Body Composition Loss and/or Control. Specificity Overload Adaptation Progression Individualization Retrogression/Plateau/Reversibility Maintenance. Making Weight for Sport. UNIT 3. NEUROMUSCULAR-SKELETAL SYSTEM. 16.  Skeletal System. Introduction. Skeletal Tissue. Functions Levels of Organization Bone Development. Assessment of Bone Health. Laboratory Measures Field Tests. Factors Influencing Bone Health. Age-Related Changes in Bone Sex Differences in Bone Mineral Density Development of Peak Bone Mass. Exercise Response. Application of the Training Principles. Specificity Overload Individualization Retrogression/Plateau Warm-Up/Cool-Down. Skeletal Adaptations to Exercise Training. Special Applications to Health and Fitness. Osteoporosis Physical Activity, Altered Menstrual Function, and Bone Density Skeletal Injuries. 17.  Skeletal Muscle System. Introduction. Overview of Muscle Tissue. Functions of Skeletal Muscle Characteristics of Muscle Tissue. Macroscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscles. Organization and Connective Tissue Architectural Organization. Microscopic Structure of a Muscle Fiber. Muscle Fibers. Molecular Structure of the Myofilaments. Thick Filaments Thin Filaments. Contraction of a Muscle Fiber. The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction Excitation-Contraction Coupling Relaxation Changes in the Sarcomere During Contraction All-or-None Principle. Muscle Fiber Types. Distribution of Fiber Types Fiber Type in Athletes. 18.  Muscular Contraction and Human Movement. Exercise—The Result of Muscle Contraction. Tension vs. Load Classification of Muscle Contractions Force Development and Gradation of Response Muscular Fatigue and Soreness. Assessing Muscular Function. Laboratory Methods Laboratory and Field Methods Field Tests. Age, Sex, and Muscle Function. Heritability of Muscular Function. 19.  Muscle Training Principles and Adaptations. Introduction. Muscular Training. Overview of Resistance Training Application of the Training Principles Specific Application of Training Principles to Body Building. Muscular Adaptations to Exercise Training. Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training Programs Muscular Adaptations to Endurance Training Programs. Special Applications. Muscular Strength and Endurance and Lower-Back Pain Anabolic Steroids. 20.  Neural Aspects of Movement. Introduction. Neural Control of Muscle Fibers. Nerve Supply The Neuromuscular Junction. Reflex Control of Movement. Spinal Cord Components of a Reflex Arc Proprioceptors and Reflexes. Volitional Control of Movement. Volitional Control of Individual Motor Units Volitional Control of Muscle Movement. Flexibility. Assessment of Flexibility The Influence of Age and Sex on Flexibility Flexibility and Low-Back Pain Flexibility Training. Application of the Training Principles. Specificity Overload Adaptation and Progression Individualization Maintenance Retrogression/Reversibility/Plateau Warm-up and Cool-down. Adaptation to Flexibility Training. Appendices.