Petroleum Refining: Technology and Economics, Fifth Edition

Petroleum refiners must face billion-dollar investments in equipment in order to meet ever-changing environmental requirements. Because the design and construction of new processing units entail several years lead time, refiners are reluctant to commit these dollars for equipment that may no longer meet certain conditions when the units come on st

Table of Contents:
Introduction Refinery Processes and Operations Historic Overview Product Demand and Supply U.S. Statistics World Statistics Industry Characteristics Refinery Economics Cost Estimation Refinery Complexity Refinery Flow Scheme and Chapter Outline Refinery Products Low-Boiling Products Gasoline Gasoline Specifications Distillate Fuels Residual Fuel Oils Refinery Feedstocks Crude Oil Properties Composition of Petroleum Crudes Suitable for Asphalt Manufacture Crude Distillation Desalting Crude Oils Atmospheric Topping Unit Vacuum Distillation Auxiliary Equipment Crude Distillation Unit Products Case-Study Problem: Crude Units Coking and Thermal Processes Types, Properties, and Uses of Petroleum Coke Process Description-Delayed Coking Operation-Delayed Coking Process Description-Flexicoking Process Description-Fluid Coking Yields from Flexicoking and Fluid Coking Capital Costs and Utilities for Flexicoking and Fluid Coking Visbreaking Case-Study Problem: Delayed Coker Catalytic Cracking Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking New Designs for Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking Units Cracking Reactions Cracking of Paraffins Olefin Cracking Cracking of Naphthenic Hydrocarbons Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cracking Cracking Catalysts FCC Feed Pretreating Process Variables Heat Recovery Yield Estimation Capital and Operating Costs Case-Study Problem: Catalytic Cracker Catalytic Hydrocracking Hydrocracking Reactions Feed Preparation The Hydrocracking Process Hydrocracking Catalyst Process Variables Hydrocracking Yields Investment and Operating Costs Modes of Hydrocracker Operation Case-Study Problem: Hydrocracker Hydroprocessing and Resid Processing Composition of Vacuum Tower Bottoms Processing Options Hydroprocessing Expanded-Bed Hydrocracking Processes Moving-Bed Hydroprocessors Solvent Extraction Summary of Resid Processing Operations Hydrotreating Hydrotreating Catalysts Aromatics Reduction Reactions Process Variables Construction and Operating Costs Case-Study Problem: Hydrotreaters Catalytic Reforming and Isomerization Reactions Feed Preparation Catalytic Reforming Processes Reforming Catalyst Reactor Design Yields and Costs Isomerization Capital and Operating Costs Isomerization Yields Case-Study Problem: Naphtha Hydrotreater, Catalytic Reformer, and Isomerization Unit Alkylation and Polymerization Alkylation Reactions Process Variables Alkylation Feedstocks Alkylation Products Catalysts Hydrofluoric Acid Processes Sulfuric Acid Alkylation Processes Comparison of Processes Alkylation Yields and Costs Safety Issues Polymerization Case-Study Problem: Alkylation and Polymerization Product Blending Reid Vapor Pressure Octane Blending Blending for Other Properties Case-Study Problem: Gasoline Blending Octane Calculations for Pool Gasoline Case-Study Problem: Diesel and Jet Fuel Blending Supporting Processes Hydrogen Production and Purification Gas Processing Unit Acid Gas Removal Sulfur Recovery Processes Ecological Considerations in Petroleum Refining Wastewater Treatment Control of Atmospheric Pollution Noise Level Control Case-Study Problem: Saturated Gas Recovery, Amine, and Sulfur Recovery Units Refinery Economics and Planning Linear Programming Overview Refinery Linear Programming Models Economics and Planning Applications Lubricating Oil Blending Stocks Lube Oil Processing Propane Deasphalting Viscosity Index Improvement and Solvent Extraction Viscosity Index Improvement and Hydrocracking Dewaxing Hydrofinishing Finishing by Clay Contacting Environmental Impacts Petrochemical Feedstocks Aromatics Production Unsaturate Production Saturated Paraffins Additives Production from Refinery Feedstocks Use of Alcohols and Ethers Ether Production Reactions Ether Production Processes Yields Costs for Ether Production Production of Isobutylene Commercial Dehydrogenation Processes Houdry's CATOFIN ConocoPhillips Petroleum's Star UOP LLC OLEFLEX Snamprogetti Yarsintez Process Costs to Produce Isobutylene from Isobutane International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists Nomenclature Isooctene and Isooctane Production Cost Estimation Rule-of-Thumb Estimates Cost-Curve Estimates Major Equipment Factor Estimates Definitive Estimates Summary Form for Cost Estimates Storage Facilities Land and Storage Requirements Steam Systems Cooling Water Systems Other Utility Systems Application of Cost Estimation Techniques Economic Evaluation Definitions Return on Original Investment Payout Time Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return Case-Study Problem: Economic Evaluation Case-Study Problem: Economic Solution Appendix A: Definitions of Refining Terms Appendix B: Physical Properties Appendix C: U.S. Bureau of Mines Routine Analyses of Selected Crude Oils Appendix D: Economic Evaluation Example Problem Appendix E: Photographs Index *Most chapters include Problems, Notes, and Additional Reading sections