Multiplying Worlds: Romanticism, Modernity, and the Emergence of Virtual Reality

Multiplying Worlds argues that modern forms of virtual reality first appear in the urban/commercial milieu of London in the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century (1780-1830). It develops a revisionary account of relations between romanticism and popular entertainments, 'high' and 'low' literature, and verbal and visual virtual realities during this period. The argument is divided into three parts. The first, 'From the Actual to the Virtual', focuses on developments during the period from 1780 to 1795, as represented by Robert Barker's Panorama, Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon, and James Graham's Temple of Health and Hymen. The second part, 'From Representation to Poiesis', extends the study of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century virtual realities to include textual media. It considers the relation between textual and visual virtual-realities, while also introducing the Palace of Pandemonium and Satan/Prometheus as key figures in late eighteenth-century explorations of the implications of virtual reality. There are chapters on Ann Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho, Beckford's Fonthill Abbey, the Phantasmagoria, and Romantic representations of Satan. The book's third part, 'Actuvirtuality and Virtuactuality', provides an introduction to the Romantics' remarkably diverse (and to this point rarely studied) engagements with the virtual. It focuses on attempts to describe or indirectly present the cultural, material, or psychological apparatuses that project the perceptual world; reflections on the epistemological, ethical and political paradoxes that arise in a world of actuvirtuality and virtuactuality; and experiments in the construction of virtual worlds that, like those of Shakespeare (according to Coleridge) are not bound by 'the iron compulsion of [everyday] space and time'.

Table of Contents:
Introduction: Romanticism, Modernity, and Virtual Reality Part One: From the Actual to the Virtual 1: The Panorama 2: The Panopticon 3: The Temple of Health and Hymen Part Two: From Representation Tto Poiesis 4: The Castle of Udolpho 5: Phantasmagoria 6: Fonthill Abbey 7: Pandemonium Part Three: Actuvirtuality and Virtuactuality 8: Jerusalem 9: Living Theatre 10: Heterocosm 11: Unpredictable Machines 12: Unpredictable Machines Works Cited Index

About the Author :
Peter Otto is Professor of English Literary Studies at the University of Melbourne and a member of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. He teaches and researches in the literatures and cultures of modernity, from Romanticism to the new media of today and, amongst numerous administrative roles, has been Associate Dean Information Technology and Multimedia for the Arts Faculty at Melbourne University. He has co-edited two collections of articles on Romanticism and authored two books on William Blake - Constructive Vision and Visionary Deconstruction (1991, Oxford UP) and Blake's Critique of Transcendence (2000, Oxford UP), and written numerous articles on Blake and on Romanticism. A microfilm collection of Gothic Texts (338 volumes), co-edited with Alison Milbank and Marie Mulvey-Roberts, and an accompanying Guide were published by Adam Matthew Publications in 2002-3.

Review :
Multiplying Worlds offers archival research on little-known popular entertainments and exhibits that may have been overlooked had Otto been confined to more strictly orthodox examples. Otto's work in innovative insofar as he invites readers to theoretically fuse Shelley's poetic theory with the aesthetic dynamics of contemporary digital artifacts.