Being For: Evaluating the Semantic Program of Expressivism

Expressivism - the sophisticated contemporary incarnation of the noncognitivist research program of Ayer, Stevenson, and Hare - is no longer the province of metaethicists alone. Its comprehensive view about the nature of both normative language and normative thought has also recently been applied to many topics elsewhere in philosophy - including logic, probability, mental and linguistic content, knowledge, epistemic modals, belief, the a priori, and even quantifiers. Yet the semantic commitments of expressivism are still poorly understood and have not been very far developed. As argued within, expressivists have not yet even managed to solve the 'negation problem' - to explain why atomic normative sentences are inconsistent with their negations. As a result, it is far from clear that expressivism even could be true, let alone whether it is.Being For seeks to evaluate the semantic commitments of expressivism, by showing how an expressivist semantics would work, what it can do, and what kind of assumptions would be required, in order for it to do it. Building on a highly general understanding of the basic ideas of expressivism, it argues that expressivists can solve the negation problem - but only in one kind of way. It shows how this insight paves the way for an explanatorily powerful, constructive expressivist semantics, which solves many of what have been taken to be the deepest problems for expressivism. But it also argues that no account with these advantages can be generalized to deal with constructions like tense, modals, or binary quantifiers. Expressivism, the book argues, is coherent and interesting, but false.

Table of Contents:
Preface Part One: The semantic program of expressivism 1: Introduction 2: Expression Part Two: Expressivists' problems with logic 3: The negation problem 4: Its solution 5: Composition and logic 6: Predicates and quantifiers Part Three: Descriptive language 7: Descriptive language and belief 8: Biforcated attitude semantics 9: Assigning truth-conditions 10: An alternative approach Part Four: Extensions 11: Nondescriptivist semantics 12: The limits and costs of expressivism References

About the Author :
Mark Schroeder is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Southern California, and author of Slaves of the Passions (OUP). His research ranges broadly across issues closely related to practical reason and metaethics, including on questions about reasons, rationality, normativity, reduction, moral explanations, metaethical expressivism, and the history of ethics. His articles have been published in Ethics, Noûs, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Philosophical Studies, Philosophical Perspectives, Philosophers' Imprint, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, Oxford Studies in Metaethics, and other journals.

Review :
Expressivism has attracted a lot of attention recently and has several new and subtle defenders. This book is the first sustained and systematic critique of this popular position. It is extremely well done: clear, careful, and thorough. Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Dartmouth College Schroeder's Being For is the most sophisticated investigation to date of the prospects for expressivist semantics. The book sets out and argues for a set of constraints on expressivist handling of the infamous "embedding problem", shows what a solution would look like, and explains the substantive commitments that such a solution must take on board. It is a philosophically serious and technically rigorous argument, and it establishes a kind of plateau from which future work on the subject will have to proceed. Jamie Dreier, Brown University