Engineering Drawing

Engineering Drawing is a textbook designed for the students of all engineering disciplines to develop a spatial bent of mind to observe, visualize, and understand the structure of objects from different perspectives. This ability forms the central idea of design and development of all engineering products. Beginning with the basics, such as BIS conventions, geometrical constructions, and scales, the book presents a detailed chapter on Visualization Concepts and Freehand Sketching, which lays the foundation to understand the subsequent chapters on orthographic projections, projection of points, lines, planes, and solids. These chapters ease the complexity of understanding further chapters such as intersection of solids, surfaces, and development of surfaces. The last few chapters discuss isometric projections, transformation of projections, perspective projections, and finally computer-aided drafting that briefs the reader about the utility of AutoCAD 2015 tools in drawing. The book provides a number of example problems, step-by-step procedure for solutions, numerous graded practice exercises, and multiple-choice questions.

Table of Contents:
1. Basics of Engineering Drawing; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Modes of Communication; 1.3 Engineering Drawing as a Communication Tool; 1.3.1 History and Evolution; 1.3.2 Emergence of Engineering Graphics; 1.4 Manual Drawing Tools and Accessories (Hardware); 1.4.1 Drawing Sheets; 1.4.2 Drawing Board; 1.4.3 T-square; 1.4.4 Set Squares; 1.4.5 Protractor; 1.4.6 Mini Drafter; 1.4.7 Compasses and Dividers; 1.4.8 French Curves; 1.4.9 Roll and Draw; 1.4.10 Sheet-holding Devices; 1.4.11 Pencils and Accessories; 1.4.12 Scales and Scale Sets; 1.4.13 Drafting Templates; 1.5 Software Tools; 1.6 Drawing Standards; 1.6.1 International Standards; 1.6.2 Bureau of Indian Standards; 1.7 BIS Conventions and Specifications on Drawing; 1.7.1 Size, Layout, and Folding of Drawing Sheets; 1.7.2 Lines and their Representation in Drawings; 1.7.3 Lettering Practice; 1.7.4 Dimensioning Practice; 2. Geometrical Constructions and Curves; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Basic Geometrical Constructions; 2.2.1 Dividing a Straight Line into the Desired Number of Equal Parts; 2.2.2 Dividing a Straight Line into Unequal/Proportionate Parts; 2.2.3 Dividing an Angle into Two Equal Parts; 2.2.4 Dividing an Angle into Equal Number of Divisions; 2.2.5 Construction of a Regular Polygon of any Number of Sides, Given the Length of One Side; 2.3 Curves Used in Engineering Practice; 2.4 Conic Sections; 2.4.1 Terminology of Conic Sections; 2.4.2 Construction Methods for Conic Sections; 2.5 Involute Sections; 2.6 Cycloidal Curves; 2.6.1 Cycloid; 2.6.2 Epicycloid; 2.6.3 Hypocycloid; 2.7 Loci of Points; 2.7.1 Loci of Points in Simple Cases; 2.7.2 Locus of Point Equidistant from Fixed Point and Fixed Circle; 2.7.3 Locus of Point Equidistant from Fixed Straight Line and Fixed Circle; 2.7.4 Locus of Point Equidistant from Two Circles; 2.8 Loci of Points in Mechanisms; 2.8.1 Four-bar Mechanism; 2.8.2 Single Slider Crank Mechanism; 2.8.3 Problems on Single Slider Crank Mechanism; 2.8.4 Problems on Four-bar Mechanism; 2.9 Engineering Applications; 3. Scales; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Scaling Methodologies; 3.2.1 Full-size Scale; 3.2.2 Reduced Scale; 3.2.3 Enlarged Scale; 3.3 Customized Scales; 3.3.1 Need; 3.3.2 Parameters for Construction; 3.3.3 General Constructional Procedure; 3.4 Types of Scales; 3.4.1 Plain Scales; 3.4.2 Diagonal Scales; 3.4.3 Vernier Scales; 4. Visualization Concepts and Freehand Sketching; 4.1 Visualization Concepts; 4.2 Pictorial Projections; 4.3 Multi-view Projections and Layout of Views; 4.4 Freehand Sketching Procedure; 4.4.1 Sketching a Straight Line; 4.4.2 Sketching a Circle; 4.4.3 Sketching an Ellipse; 4.5 Freehand Sketching of Multiple Views of Objects; 4.5.1 Multiple Views of Simple Rectangular Block; 4.5.2 Multiple Views of Tapered Rectangular Block; 4.5.3 Multiple Views of Rectangular Block with Cut-outs and Additional Features; 4.5.4 Multiple Views of Simple Rectangular Block with Cylindrical and Conical Blocks; 4.5.5 Multiple Views of Various Three-dimensional Objects; 4.6 Engineering Applications; 5. Orthographic Projections; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 General Principles of Orthographic Projections; 5.2.1 Principal Planes; 5.2.2 Classification of Views; 5.2.3 Layout of Views; 5.3 Orthographic Projections with respect to Different Quadrants; 5.4 First-Angle Projection; 5.5 Third-Angle Projection; 5.6 Symbols for First- and Third-angle Projections; 5.7 Salient Features of First- and Third-angle Projections; 5.8 BIS Code of Practice; 6. Projection of Points; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Projection of a Point and its Basics; 6.3 Projection of a Point in Different Quadrants; 6.3.1 Projection of a Point Located in the First Quadrant; 6.3.2 Projection of a Point Located in the Second Quadrant; 6.3.3 Projection of a Point Located in the Third Quadrant; 6.3.4 Projection of a Point Located in the Fourth Quadrant; 6.3.5 Summary; 6.3.6 Illustrative Examples; 6.4 Projection of Points Located in the Same Quadrant; 6.4.1 Projection of Points Whose Projectors Lie in a Single Plane; 6.4.2 Illustrative Examples; 6.4.3 Projection of Points Whose Projectors Lie in Different Planes; 6.4.4 Illustrative Examples; 7. Projection of Lines; 7.1 Introduction; 7.1.1 Terminology; 7.2 Projection of Line in Simple Positions; 7.2.1 Line Parallel to Both Reference Planes; 7.2.2 Line Perpendicular to One of the Reference Planes; 7.3 Projection of a Line in Simple Inclined Positions; 7.4 Projections of Lines on the Three Reference Planes; 7.5 Projection of Lines Inclined to Both Reference Planes; 7.5.1 Principle of Obtaining Projections; 7.5.2 Basic Observations; 7.5.3 Step-by-step Procedure to Obtain Projections of Line Inclined to Both Planes; 7.5.4 Parameters Governing the Projections of a Line; 7.5.5 Obtaining True Length/True Inclinations from the Projections; 7.6 Specific Cases of Straight Lines; 7.6.1 Line with Any Point as Reference Instead of the End Points; 7.6.2 Line Touching Both the Principal Planes; 7.6.3 Line Parallel to the Profile Planes; 7.6.4 Lines with Ends in Different Quadrants; 7.7 Traces of a Line; 7.7.1 Traces of a Line in Simple Positions; 7.7.2 Traces of a Line Inclined to Both the Reference Planes; 7.7.3 Problems on Straight Lines using Traces; 7.8 Engineering Applications; 8. Projection of Planes; 8.1 Introduction; 8.1.1 Position of Plane Surface; 8.1.2 Projections of Plane SurfaceThe Basics; 8.2 Projection of Plane Surfaces in Simple Positions; 8.2.1 Planes Held in between Two Reference Planes (HP and VP); 8.2.2 Planes Held in between Three Reference Planes (HP, VP, and PP); 8.3 Projection of Planes in Inclined Positions; 8.3.1 Basic Principle; 8.3.2 Plane Surface Inclined to one Reference Plane and Perpendicular to the Other; 8.3.3 Projection of Planes Inclined to Both Reference Planes by Tilting Object Method; 8.4 Finding the True Shape of the Object from its Projections; 8.5 Engineering Applications; 9. Projection of Solids; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Classification of Solids and their Shapes; 9.2.1 Pictorial Views of Solids; 9.2.2 Nomenclature; 9.3 Projection of Solids in Simple Positions; 9.4 Projection of Solids Inclined to One of the Reference Planes by Tilting Object Method; 9.4.1 Projection of Solids when the Axis is Inclined to HP and Parallel to VP; 9.4.2 Projection of Solids when the Axis is Inclined to VP and Parallel to HP; 9.4.3 General Procedure for Projection of Solids Inclined to One Reference Plane and Parallel to the Other; 9.4.4 Problems on Solids with Axis Inclined to HP and Parallel to VP; 9.4.5 Problems on Solids with Axis inclined to VP and Parallel to HP; 9.5 Projection of Solids inclined to one of the Reference Planes by Auxiliary Plane Method; 9.5.1 Concept of Auxiliary Planes; 9.5.2 Types of Auxiliary Planes and Auxiliary Views; 9.5.3 Projection of a Solid on Auxiliary Planes; 9.5.4 Projection of a Solid on AVP; 9.5.5 Projection of a Solid on AIP; 9.5.6 Problems on Solids with Axis Inclined to HP and Parallel to VP; 9.5.7 Problems on Solids with Axis Inclined to VP and Parallel to HP; 9.6 Projection of Solids Inclined to Both Reference Planes by Tilting Solid Method and; Auxiliary Plane Method; 9.7 Projection of Tetrahedron and Octahedron; 10. Projection of Sectioned Solids and Obtaining their True Shape of Sections; 10.1 Introduction; 10.2 Section Planes and Their Representations; 10.2.1 Types of Section/Cutting Planes; 10.2.2 Representation of Section Planes; 10.3 Projection of Sectioned Solids; 10.3.1 Section Plane Parallel to HP; 10.3.2 Section Plane Parallel to VP; 10.3.3 Section Plane Inclined to VP and Perpendicular to HP; 10.3.4 Section Plane Inclined to HP and Perpendicular to VP; 10.4 General Procedure for Drawing Sectional Views of an Object; 10.5 Solids in Simple Position and Cutting Plane Parallel to One of the Principal Planes; 10.5.1 Cutting Plane Parallel to HP; 10.5.2 Cutting Plane Parallel to VP; 10.6 Solids in Simple Position and Cutting Plane Inclined to One of the Principal Planes; 10.6.1 Cutting Plane Inclined to HP; 10.6.2 Cutting Plane Inclined to VP; 10.7 Solids in Inclined Positions and Cutting Plane Parallel to One of the Principal Planes; 10.7.1 Cutting Plane Parallel to HP; 10.7.2 Cutting Plane Parallel to VP; 10.8 Solids in Inclined Positions and Cutting Plane also inclined to one of the Principal Planes; 10.8.1 Cutting Plane Inclined to HP; 10.8.2 Cutting Plane Inclined to VP; 10.9 Section Plane Details from the True Shape of Section; 10.10 Engineering Applications; 11. Intersection of Surfaces; 11.1 Introduction; 11.2 Intersection Point; 11.3 Line or Curve of Intersection; 11.4 Types of Intersection; 11.5 Basic Principles of Obtaining Curves of Intersection; 11.5.1 Intersection Cases where Vertical Solids are Prismatic or Cylindrical; 11.5.2 Intersection Cases where Vertical Solids are Pyramidal or Conical; 11.6 Methods of Obtaining Intersection Curves; 11.6.1 Line/Edge or Generator Method; 11.6.2 Cutting Plane Method; 11.7 Illustrative Examples; 11.7.1 Intersection of Prismatic Solids; 11.7.2 Intersection of Cylindrical Solids; 11.7.3 Intersection of Prisms and Cylinders; 11.7.4 Intersection of Cones and Cylinders; 11.7.5 Intersection of Solids when their Axes are parallel; 11.7.6 Intersection of Vertical Cone by Horizontal Cone; 11.8 Engineering Applications; 12. Development of Surfaces of Solids; 12.1 Introduction; 12.2 Principle of Development; 12.3 Methods of Development; 12.3.1 Parallel Line Method for Prisms and Cylinders; 12.3.2 Radial Line Method for Pyramids and Cones; 12.3.3 Triangulation Method; 12.3.4 Approximate Method; 12.4 Development of Lateral Surfaces of Simple Solids; 12.5 Development of Lateral Surfaces of Sectioned or Truncated Solids; 12.6 Development of Lateral Surfaces of Solids with Cut-outs and Holes; 12.7 Development of Spheres; 12.7.1 Zone, Polyconic, or Cutting Plane Method; 12.7.2 Lune Method; 12.8 Engineering Applications; 13. Isometric Projections; 13.1 Introduction; 13.2 Types of Axonometric Projections; 13.3 Isometric Projections and Related Facts; 13.3.1 Basic Properties; 13.3.2 Verification of Basic Properties; 13.3.3 Isometric Scale; 13.3.4 Isometric Axes, Lines, and Planes; 13.3.5 Isometric Projection and Isometric View; 13.3.6 Preferred Isometric Positions of an Object; 13.3.7 General Guidelines for Isometric Drawings; 13.4 Planar Objects; 13.5 Simple and Truncated Solids; 13.6 Sectioned Solids; 13.7 Two and Three Solid Objects; 13.8 Conversion of Orthographic Views of Objects into Isometric Views; 13.9 Engineering Applications; 14. Transformation of Projections into Orthographic Views; 14.1 Introduction; 14.2 Basic Principles of Transformation; 14.3 Layout of Views; 14.4 Guidelines for Transformation; 14.5 Illustrative Examples; 14.5.1 L-shaped Block; 14.5.2 Rectangular Block with a Hole and a Cut-out; 14.5.3 Block with Add-on Cylindrical Surfaces; 14.5.4 Block with Convex- and Concave-shaped Surfaces; 14.5.5 Bracket with Cut-outs and Arcs in Horizontal, Vertical, and Side Surfaces; 14.5.6 Block with Twin Sloping Surfaces; 14.5.7 Block with Sloping Surfaces and Cut-outs; 14.5.8 Semicircular Arch with Truncated Centre Pillar; 14.5.9 Horizontal and Vertical Semicircular Blocks with an Intermittent Connecting Piece; 14.5.10 Built-up Block with Vertical and Side Surfaces and a Centre Rib; 14.5.11 Triangular-shaped Block with Cut-outs in Different Planes; 14.6 Engineering Applications; 15. Perspective Projections; 15.1 Introduction; 15.2 Definition of Perspective Projection; 15.3 Elements of Perspective Projection; 15.4 Methodology of Obtaining Perspective Projection; 15.5 Parameters Affecting Perspective Projection; 15.6 Methods of Perspective Projections; 15.6.1 Visual Ray Method; 15.6.2 Vanishing Point Method; 15.7 Problems on Perspective Projections of Solid Objects; 15.8 Engineering Applications; 16. Computer-aided Design; 16.1 Introduction; 16.2 Computer System and AutoCAD Software; 16.2.1 Mouse; 16.2.2 Keyboard; 16.3 AutoCAD Windows and Command Enablers; 16.3.1 Ribbon Tabs and Panels; 16.3.2 Floating Panels; 16.3.3 Contextual Ribbon Tabs; 16.4 AutoCAD Files; 16.4.1 Conversion of Other Format CAD Software Files into Native AutoCAD Files; 16.4.2 Importing CATIA File Using AutoCAD Plug-in; 16.5 AutoCAD Coordinate Systems and their Usage Commands; 16.5.1 Coordinate systems; 16.5.2 User Coordinate System (UCS); 16.6 AutoCAD Basic Drawing Commands; 16.7 AutoCAD Basic Editing Commands; 16.7.1 Object Selection Methods (SELECT Command); 16.8 AutoCAD Display Commands; 16.9 Dimensioning and Text; 16.9.1 Dimensioning the Object; 16.9.2 Text Editing; 16.10 Drawing Practice using AutoCAD; 16.10.1 Creating 2D Drawings of Object using AutoCAD; 16.10.2 Creating Isometric Views of Objects using AutoCAD; Appendix A: Model Question Papers with Solutions

About the Author :
Dr N S Parthasarathy is Retd. Director, AU-FRG Institute of CAD/CAM and Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai. He has more than 35 years of experience in teaching various courses on mechanical engineering and specialises in contact mechanics, vibration& damping, and design optimization. He is also widely recognised by the academic community for his expertise in teaching Engineering Drawing. Dr Vela Murali is currently Head and Professor, In-charge, Engineering Design Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University. He has around 15 years of experience in teaching various undergraduate and postgraduate mechanical engineering courses. He is the author of a book on Engineering Mechanics published by OUP India in 2010.