Struggles for Belonging: Citizenship in Europe, 1900-2020

Citizenship was the most important mark of political belonging in Europe in the twentieth century, while estate, religion, party, class, and nation lost political significance in the century of extremes. This is shown by examining the legal institution of citizenship, with its deciding influence on the limits of a political community, on inclusion and exclusion. Citizenship determined a person's protection, equality, and freedom and thus his or her chances in life and very survival. This book recounts the history of citizenship in Europe as the history of European statehood in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. It does so from three vantage points: as the development of a legal institution crucial to European constitutionalism; as a measure of an individual's opportunities for self-fulfilment ranging from freedom to totalitarian subjugation; and as a succession of alternating, often sharply divergent political regimes, considered from the perspective of their inclusivity and exclusivity, and its justification. The European history of citizenship is discussed in this book on the basis of six selected countries: Great Britain, France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Russia. For the first time, a joint history of citizenship in Western and Eastern Europe is told here, from the heyday of the nation state to our present day, which is marked by the crises of the European Union. It is the history of a central legal institution that significantly represents and at the same time determines struggles over migration, integration, and belonging. One of the central concerns of this book is what lessons can be learned when it comes to the future chances of European citizenship.

Table of Contents:
Introduction: Citizenship: Probe into a History of Europe 1: Diversity and Demarcation: National and Imperial Citizenship Policy around 1900 2: Confrontation and Conflict: Citizenship in the Struggle for Political Belonging. The First World War (1914-1918) 3: Naturalization and Ethnicization: Citizenship Rights between Democracy and the Racial State (1918-1945) 4: Conquest and Subjugation: Hierarchies of Citizenship Rights between Colonization and Decolonization (1900-1950) 5: Liberalization and Community Ties: Citizenship in Divided Postwar Europe (1945-1989) 6: Integrating Europe and Demarcating States: Towards the Europeanization of Belonging? (1989-2014) Conclusion

About the Author :
Dieter Gosewinkel is Director of the Center for Global Constitutionalism at the WZB Social Science Center Berlin, and Professor in the Department of History at the Freie Universität Berlin. He was the Alfred-Grosser guest professor at Sciences Po, Paris, from 2018-2019, and has been a Member of the Academia Europaea since 2019. He received his PhD in History from the University of Freiburg in 1990.

Review :
Gosewinkel takes us through this difficult terrain with admirable objectivity. Starting around 1900, Chapter 1 portrays the Russian, German, French, and British Empires as waning empires but strengthening states...In the double process of empire- and nation-building, "a distinction between a national majority as state or titular nation and minorities within the nation-state or empire was often drawn and sharpened."...Though not articulated this way explicitly, Gosewinkel's choice of women and Jews as case studies throughout the book encapsulates a process that began long before 1900. "Dependent" people â women, children, domestic servants, apprentices, and journeymen, among others â struggled to receive the "internal" rights of citizenship in nineteenth-century Europe. Struggles for Belonging rightfully garnered acclaim and praise. Gosewinkel's book covers so much ground that it is hard to do it all justice in one review.