About the Book
Written texts of the Iliad and the Odyssey achieved an unprecedented degree of standardization after 150 BCE, but what about Homeric texts prior to the emergence of standardized written texts? Orality, Textuality, and the Homeric Epics sheds light on that earlier history by drawing on scholarship from outside the discipline of classical studies to query from three different angles what it means to speak of Homeric poetry together with the word "text".
Part I utilizes work in linguistic anthropology on oral texts and oral intertextuality to illuminate both the verbal and oratorical landscapes our Homeric poets fashion in their epics and what the poets were striving to do when they performed. Looking to folkloristics, part II examines modern instances of the textualization of an oral traditional work in order to reconstruct the creation of written versions of the Homeric poems through a process that began with a poet dictating to a scribe. Combining research into scribal activity in other cultures, especially in the fields of religious studies and medieval studies, with research into performance in the field of linguistic anthropology, part III investigates some of the earliest extant texts of the Homeric epics, the so-called wild papyri. By looking at oral texts, dictated texts, and wild texts, this volume traces the intricate history of Homeric texts from the Archaic to the Hellenistic period, long before the emergence of standardized written texts, in a comparative and interdisciplinary study that will benefit researchers in a number of disciplines across the humanities.
Table of Contents:
0: Introduction
Part I: Oral Texts and Oral Intertextuality
1: Oral Texts and Entextualization in the Homeric Epics
Introduction
1.1: Performance, Oral Texts, and Entextualization
1.2: Application to the Homeric Epics
1.2.1: The Preexistence of Tales and Songs and the Object-Like Status of Utterances in the Homeric Epics
1.2.2: Entextualization in the Character Text I
1.2.3: Entextualization in the Character Text II
1.2.4: The Poet and Entextualization
1.3: Homerists on Texts
2: Oral Intertextuality and Mediational Routines in the Homeric Epics
Introduction
2.1: Oral Intertextuality and Mediational Routines
2.2: Mediational Routines in the Homeric Epics
2.2.1: The Source Text
2.2.2: The Target Text
2.3: Metapoetic Implications
Part II: The Emergence of Written Texts
3: Textualization: Dictation and Written Versions of the Iliad and the Odyssey
Introduction
3.1: The Dictation Model
3.2: A Comparative Approach
3.3: The Process of Recording by Hand
3.3.1: The Challenges of Manual Transcription
3.3.2: Steps to Work around These Challenges and Their Effects
3.3.3: The Rare Exceptions
3.3.4: Dictated Texts versus Sung Texts
3.3.5: What Was Written Down
3.3.5.1: The Collector as Gatekeeper
3.3.5.2: The Scribal Process
3.4: The Collector's Impact on the Oral Text
3.4.1: Unwitting Interference (or the Collector's Presence)
3.4.2: Purposeful Interference
3.5: Editing
3.5.1: Field Notes
3.5.2: Editorial Work in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
3.5.3: Editorial Work from the Second Half of the Twentieth Century until Today
3.6: Best Practices
3.7: The Collector's Text versus the Performer's Oral Performance
3.8: The Formulations in Section 3.1 Reevaluated
3.9: The Evolutionary Model's Transcript
Excursus: The Interventionist Textmaker and Herodotus's Histories
Part III: Copying Written Texts
4: The Scribe as Performer and the Ptolemaic Wild Papyri of the Homeric Epics
Introduction
4.1: The Ptolemaic Wild Papyri of the Homeric Epics
4.2: The Nature of the Variation: Not Scribal Error
4.3: Accounting for This Variation
4.4: The Scribe as Performer
4.5: The Scribe as Performer and the Wild Homeric Papyri
4.5.1: The Wild Papyri and the Comparanda
4.5.2: When?
4.5.3: Who?
5: Scribal Performance in the Ptolemaic Wild Papyri of the Homeric Epics
Introduction
5.1: Juxtaposing the Wild Papyri and Helmut van Thiel's Text
5.2: Competence and Entextualization
5.2.1: Cohesion
5.2.2: Coherence
5.3: Competence and Completeness
5.3.1: Characters Do More Things
5.3.2: Nothing Is Assumed
5.4: Competence and "Affecting Power"
5.4.1: The Emotions
5.4.2: The Fulfillment of Expectations and the Groove
5.5: Tradition, Traditionalization, and the Intertextual Gap
5.6: The Bookroll
5.7: The Performing Scribe
5.8: Scribal Performance and the Alternatives
6: Conclusion
Endmatter
Works Cited
Index
About the Author :
Jonathan L. Ready is a professor of classical studies at Indiana University. He is the author of Character, Narrator, and Simile in the Iliad (Cambridge University Press, 2011) and The Homeric Simile in Comparative Perspectives: Oral Traditions from Saudi Arabia to Indonesia (Oxford University Press, 2018), as well as numerous articles on Homeric poetry. He is also the co-editor of Homer in Performance: Rhapsodes, Narrators, and
Characters (University of Texas Press, 2018) with Christos C. Tsagalis and serves as the co-editor of the annual Yearbook of Ancient Greek Epic (Brill).
Review :
Through readings of Homeric passages, examination of variant readings of "wild" papyri, and, above all, wide-ranging comparative evidence, Ready expands our understanding of "text" and retrieves versions of textuality that take place within oral performance.
This landmark study will interest not only Homeric scholars, but scholars of oral performance, epic poetry, transmission of traditional texts, the relation of the oral and written, and related themes, and serves as a touchstone for further research on these epic questions.
This dense and technical book far transcends its highly specialised subject area of Homeric oral epic poetry. Its wide comparative reading works both ways: Homerists are introduced to folklore studies, while folklorists have much here to consider about the interaction of collector/transcriber/editor/performer in all oral forms and the mediated relationship between the written and the oral.
Ready neatly maneuvers past older discussions of the Homeric Question by advancing fresh arguments from a performance perspective. The combination of comparativist chops and heterodox dismantling of previoushypotheses will turn heads. This book breaks new ground and will change the course of Homeric studies.
Already an established authority on Homer, orality, and the epic literary world, Jonathan Ready adds yet further lustre to his international reputation in this fine new book. Not only is it notable for its unusually imaginative and knowledgeable transdisciplinaryreach, it leads us, magnificently, into new ways of looking at old texts, their emotion, as well as their imagery and origins.
An admirable achievement of JLR in this book is his demonstration, by way of a wide-ranging cross-cultural collection of examples, that the logistics of dictation actually have a skewing effect on the 'orality' of a performer... I note my appreciation of the references made to comparative studies of oral traditions in general, which the author applies most deftly to the Homeric text...A related strongpoint, to be found in the last part of the book, is the author's survey of comparative evidence relevant to theories about the scribe as performer,...I conclude by affirming that JLR has succeeded in showing that Homeric performance, to repeat what I have already quoted from the author's own wording, is capable of outliving the moment.
Orality, Textuality, and the Homeric Epics: An Interdisciplinary Study of Oral Texts, Dictated Texts, and Wild Texts is a masterful work by an outstanding scholar. This book is a rich resource that I recommend to anyone interested in orality, writing,... It offers the best discussion of "scribal performance" available.
Ready's book can be viewed as a textbook example of how crucial it is to employ a comparative and cross-disciplinary approach, one that collapses the distinction of past and present and that freely crosses geographic, ethnic, or linguistic boundaries, when seeking answers to foundational questions regarding the relation of literature to the realm of oral art forms... Departing from assumptions that others have adopted in the past, Ready rightly emphasizes how distinct the two realms of orality and literacy/textuality are, whether considered from a sociological or from a philological perspective. In particular, he demolishes the assumption that the act of collection involves only a modest impact on the character of a text ... Ready is to be commended, then, for highlighting what he calls 'the messy realities' of textualization.
