Wireless Communication and Networks

Divided into four parts, the book provides exhaustive coverage, from fundamental concepts of wireless communication to the latest developments in the field. Beginning with an overview of basic terminologies and principles of wireless communication, Part I discusses cellular theory which forms the basis for wireless systems. Part II describes the basic characteristics of wireless channel, impairments and mitigation techniques, and channel modelling. Part III discusses source coding techniques, channel coding techniques, single and multi-carrier digital modulation schemes, diversity techniques, equalization methods, and multiple access techniques. Finally, the last part of the book discusses networking fundamentals, cellular networks, and ad-hoc wireless networks. Owing to its comprehensive coverage of all the relevant topics, including the upcoming areas of wireless communication, the book will also be useful for postgraduate students and practising engineers in the field.

Table of Contents:
PART 1: Wireless Communication Prerequisites; 1. Fundamentals and Present Scenario; 1.1 Fundamental Terms of Communication; 1.2 General Model for Wireless Digital Communication Link; 1.3 Bandwidth; 1.4 Types of Signals; 1.4.1 Analog and Digital Signals; 1.4.2 Continuous-time and Discrete time Signals; 1.4.3 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals; 1.4.4 Deterministic and Probabilistic Signals; 1.4.5 Energy and Power Signals; 1.5 Types of Communication Systems; 1.6 Wired Versus Wireless Media; 1.7 Types of Wireless Systems; 1.8 Cellular Networks; 1.9 Existing Technologies; 1.10 Evolution of Wireless Systems; 1.10.1 First- to Fourth-generation Wireless Systems; 1.10.2 Beyond Third Generation; 1.11 Licensed and Unlicensed Bands for Existing Wireless Systems; 1.11.1 Spectral Policies; 2. Cellular Theory; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Cellular Infrastructure; 2.2.1 Cells, Clusters, and Cell Splitting; 2.2.2 Cellular Frequency Reuse; 2.2.3 Real-world Cells; 2.3 Cellular System Components; 2.3.1 Analog Circuit-switched Cellular System; 2.3.2 Digital Circuit-switched Cellular System; 2.3.3 Packet-switched Cellular System; 2.4 Antennas for Cellular Systems; 2.4.1 Antennas for Base Stations; 2.4.2 Adverse Effects of Base Stations; 2.4.3 Antennas for Mobile Radio Frequency Front End; 2.5 Operations of Cellular Systems; 2.5.1 Mobile-originated Call; 2.5.2 Mobile-terminated Calls; 2.5.3 Network-originated or Landline originated Call; 2.5.4 Call Termination; 2.5.5 Handoff Procedure; 2.6 Channel Assignment; 2.7 Cellular Interferences; 2.8 Sectorization; 2.9 Mobile Traffic Calculation; 2.9.1 Call Handling and Grade of Service; 2.9.2 Mathematical Modelling of Traffic; 2.9.3 Erlang B Formula; 2.9.4 Erlang C Formula; 2.10 Spectrum Efficiency of Cellular Systems; 2.11 Location Management; PART 2: Wireless Channels and Modelling; 3. Radio Propagation over Wireless Channel; 3.1 Wireless Channel and Radio Propagation Fundamentals; 3.1.1 Radio Waves; 3.1.2 Basic Propagation Mechanisms; 3.1.3 Radio Propagation in Atmospheric Layers; 3.2 Radio Communication Cases; 3.2.1 Long-distance Communication; 3.2.2 Short- and Medium-distance Communications; 3.3 Free Space Propagation Model; 3.4 Ground Wave Propagation; 3.5 Ionospheric Propagation; 3.6 Tropospheric Propagation; 3.7 Channel Noises and Losses; 3.7.1 Different Types of Noises; 3.7.2 Noise Parameters; 3.7.3 Ground Reflection Loss; 3.7.4 Diffraction Loss; 3.7.5 Total Path Loss; 3.8 Fading in Land Mobile Systems; 3.8.1 Large-scale Fading; 3.8.2 Small-scale Fading; 3.8.3 Delay Spread and Inter symbol Interference; 3.9 Fading Effects on Signal and Frequency Components; 3.10 Shadowing; 3.11 Signal Outages and Fading Margin; 4. Wireless Channel Modelling; 4.1 Channel Modelling; 4.1.1 Channel Impulse Response; 4.1.2 Power Delay Profiles; 4.1.3 Channel Modelling and Probability Theory; 4.1.4 Correlation of Fading and Auto-covariance; 4.1.5 Model of Multipath Effect; 4.1.6 Multipath Shape Factors; 4.1.7 Considerations for Shadowing Effect; 4.2 Additive White Gaussian Noise; 4.3 Representation of Discrete Channel by Filter; 4.4 Stochastic Radio Channel Modelling; 4.5 Flat Fading Channel Modelling; 4.6 Wideband Time-Dispersive Channel Modelling; 4.7 Rayleigh Fading Model; 4.7.1 Multiple Rayleigh Fading Signals; 4.7.2 Probability Density Function of Rayleigh Signal Amplitude; 4.8 Rician Fading Model; 4.8.1 Multiple Rician Fading Signals; 4.8.2 Probability Density Function of Rician Signal Amplitude; 4.9 Nakagami Fading Model; 4.10 Comparison of Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami Models; 4.11 OkumuraHata Path Loss Model; PART 3: Wireless Communication Techniques; 5. Source Coding Techniques; 5.1 Analog-to-Digital Conversion; 5.1.1 Aliasing; 5.1.2 Antialiasing; 5.2 Wireless Multimedia Communication; 5.2.1 Basic Properties of Speech Signal; 5.2.2 Digital Baseband; 5.3 Source Coding Stages; 5.3.1 Analog Signal; 5.3.2 Digital Signal; 5.4 Quantization Techniques; 5.4.1 Uniform Quantization; 5.4.2 Non-uniform Quantization; 5.4.3 Adaptive Quantization; 5.4.4 Vector Quantization; 5.5 Pulse Code Modulation; 5.6 Delta Modulation; 5.7 Modifications to Pulse Code Modulation; 5.7.1 Differential Pulse Code Modulation; 5.7.2 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation; 5.8 Information Sources and Entropy; 5.9 Information Source Coding Fundamentals; 5.9.1 Entropy Coding; 5.9.2 Data Compression; 5.9.3 Lossy and Lossless Compression; 5.10 Vocoders; 5.10.1 Theory of Vocoders; 5.10.2 Types of Vocoders; 5.11 Source Coding in Frequency Domain; 5.11.1 Sub-band Coding; 5.11.2 Transform Coding; 5.12 Encryption and Decryption; 6. Channel Coding Techniques; 6.1 Channel Coding and Decoding; 6.2 Channel Capacity; 6.3 Shannon Limit; 6.4 Channel Coding and Trade-Offs; 6.5 Performance Terminologies; 6.6 Statistical Concepts for Decoding; 6.7 Channel Coding Schemes; 6.7.1 Error-detection Codes; 6.7.2 Error-correction Codes; 6.8 Block Codes; 6.8.1 Hamming Codes; 6.8.2 BoseChaudhuriHocquenghem Codes; 6.8.3 Reed-Solomon Codes; 6.9 Convolutional Codes; 6.9.1 Convolutional Code Generation; 6.9.2 Convolutional Encoder; 6.9.3 Trellis Diagram; 6.9.4 Decoding Methods for Convolutional Codes; 6.10 Code Puncturing; 6.11 Turbo Codes; 6.12 Interleaver; 6.13 Performance of Turbo Codes; 6.14 Applications of Turbo Codes; 7. Modulation Techniques; 7.1 Digital Modulation and Performance Parameters; 7.1.1 Coherent and Non-coherent Systems; 7.1.2 Polar Representation and InphaseQuadrature Diagrams; 7.1.3 Constellation Diagrams; 7.1.4 Eye Diagrams; 7.1.5 Trellis Diagrams; 7.2 Line Coding or Signalling; 7.3 Constant Envelope Modulation; 7.3.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying; 7.3.2 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying; 7.3.3 M-ary Phase Shift Keying; 7.3.4 Frequency Shift Keying; 7.3.5 Minimum Shift Keying 8; 7.3.6 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying; 7.4 Variable Envelope Modulation Schemes; 7.4.1 Amplitude Shift Keying; 7.4.2 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation and M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation; 7.5 Differential Modulation Schemes; 7.6 Offset Modulation Schemes; 7.7 Modulation Schemes and Spectrum Efficiency; 7.8 Transmission Power; 7.9 Spread Spectrum Modulation; 7.10 Pseudo-Noise Codes, Properties, and Code Generation; 7.10.1 Autocorrelation; 7.10.2 Partial Autocorrelation; 7.10.3 Cross-correlation; 7.10.4 Properties of Pseudo-noise Codes; 7.10.5 Aperiodic and Periodic Sequences; 7.10.6 Maximum Length Sequences; 7.10.7 WalshHadamard Sequences; 7.10.8 Gold Sequences; 7.11 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System; 7.11.1 Transmitter and Receiver; 7.11.2 Spectral Density, Bandwidth, and Processing Gain; 7.11.3 Rake Receiver; 7.11.4 System Performance; 7.12 Frequency Hopping Spread SpectrumTransmitter and Receiver; 7.13 Time Hopping Spread Spectrum; 7.14 Hybrid Spread Spectrum Systems; 7.15 Multicarrier Modulation Techniques; 7.15.1 Basic Principles of Orthogonality; 7.15.2 Subcarrier Setting in Spectrum; 7.15.3 Frequency Division Multiplexing Versus Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing; 7.16 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Transmitter and Receiver; 7.16.1 Serial-to-parallel Conversion and Symbol Mapping; 7.16.2 Modulation of Data; 7.16.3 Guard Period; 7.16.4 Radio Frequency Upconversion; 7.16.5 Radio Frequency Downconversion and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Demodulation; 8. Zero Intersymbol Interference, Diversity, Estimation, and Equalization 325; 8.1 Zero Intersymbol Interference Communication Techniques; 8.1.1 Nyquist Criteria for Zero Intersymbol Interference; 8.1.2 Filtering (Pulse Shaping); 8.1.3 Windowing Techniques; 8.2 Detection Strategies; 8.3 Matched Filter; 8.4 Diversity Techniques; 8.5 Diversity Combining Techniques; 8.5.1 Selection Combining; 8.5.2 Threshold Combining; 8.5.3 Equal Gain Combining; 8.5.4 Maximum Ratio Combining; 8.6 Introduction to Multiple Input, Multiple Output Systems; 8.6.1 Spatial Diversity in MIMO; 8.6.2 Spatial Multiplexing in MIMO; 8.6.3 Channel Modelling; 8.7 Channel Estimation Techniques; 8.8 Equalization Techniques; 8.8.1 Transversal Filters; 8.8.2 Adaptive Equalizers; 8.8.3 Decision-directed Feedback Equalizer; 8.9 Least Squares and Least Mean Squares Algorithms; 8.9.1 Least Squares Algorithms; 8.9.2 Least Mean Squares Algorithms; 9. Multiplexing and Multi-user Access; 9.1 Multiplexing and Multiple Access; 9.1.1 Multiplexing Schemes; 9.1.2 Multiple Access Schemes; 9.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access; 9.3 Time Division Multiple Access; 9.4 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access; 9.4.1 Code Division Multiple Access; 9.4.2 Frequency Hopped Multiple Access; 9.5 Space Division Multiple Access; 9.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access; 9.6.1 Comparison of Different Multiple Access Techniques; 9.7 Hybrid Methods of Multiple Access; 9.8 Multiple Access for Packet Radio Systems; 9.8.1 Pure ALOHA; 9.8.2 Slotted ALOHA; 9.8.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access; 9.8.4 Versions of Carrier and Inhibit Sense Multiple Access; 9.8.5 Throughput of Random Access Schemes; 9.9 Reservation-Based Multiple Access Schemes; 9.9.1 Packet Reservation Multiple Access; 9.9.2 Polling and Token Passing; PART 4: Wireless Networks; 10. Networking Fundamentals; 10.1 Wireless Networks; 10.2 Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model; 10.3 Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol Stack; 10.4 Peer-to-Peer Communication; 10.5 Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol Headers; 10.6 Medium Access Control; 10.7 Routing Algorithms; 10.7.1 Destination-sequenced Distance Vector Routing; 10.7.2 Wireless Routing Protocol; 10.7.3 Dynamic Source Routing; 10.7.4 Ad hoc on Demand Vector; 10.8 Transport Control Mechanisms; 10.8.1 Stop and Wait Protocol; 10.8.2 Sliding Window protocol; 10.9 Security Aspects; 10.10 Application Layer; 10.11 Mobile Computing; 11. Cellular Networks; 11.1 Global System for Mobile Telecommunication; 11.1.1 GSM Architecture; 11.1.2 Call Handling in GSM; 11.1.3 GSM Radio Interface; 11.1.4 Multiple Access in GSM; 11.1.5 GSM Channels; 11.1.6 GSM Enhancements and HSCSD; 11.2 General Packet Radio Service; 11.2.1 GPRS Functional Groups; 11.2.2 Coding Schemes in GPRS; 11.2.3 GPRS Layers and Functions; 11.2.4 GPRS Channels; 11.2.5 GPRS Device Categories and Modes; 11.3 Edge Technology; 11.4 CDMA-Based Standards: IS-95 to CDMA2000; 11.4.1 IS-95 System; 11.4.2 Soft Handover in IS-95; 11.5 Wireless Local Loop; 11.5.1 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication; 11.5.2 CorDECT WLL; 11.6 IMT-2000 and UMTS; 11.6.1 UMTS or WCDMA Architecture; 11.6.2 Elements of UMTS or WCDMA; 11.6.3 UMTS or WCDMA Radio or Air Interface; 11.6.4 UMTS TDD and FDD; 11.6.5 UMTS Channels; 11.6.6 Packet Handling, Power Saving, and Handover in UMTS or WCDMA; 11.6.7 High-speed Uplink Packet Access; 11.6.8 High-speed Downlink Packet Access; 11.7 Long-Term Evolution; 11.7.1 LTE Architecture; 11.7.2 Elements of LTEEPS; 11.7.3 LTE Radio or Air Interface; 11.7.4 LTE Channels; 11.8 Mobile Satellite Communication; 12. Ad hoc Networks; 12.1 Introduction; 12.2 Bluetooth; 12.2.1 Bluetooth Network Structure; 12.2.2 Bluetooth Protocol Stack; 12.2.3 Bluetooth Physical Layer; 12.2.4 Bluetooth MAC Layer; 12.2.5 Modified Version of Bluetooth; 12.3 Wi-Fi Standards; 12.3.1 Wi-Fi Architecture; 12.3.2 Wi-Fi Physical Layer; 12.3.3 Wi-Fi MAC Layer; 12.3.4 Wi-Fi Security Aspects; 12.3.5 Wi-Fi Applications; 12.4 WiMAX Standards; 12.4.1 WiMAX Architecture; 12.4.2 WiMAX Physical Layer; 12.4.3 WiMAX MAC Layer; 12.4.4 WiMAX Security Aspects; 12.4.5 Quality of Service and Scheduling Aspects in WiMAX; 12.5 Wireless Sensor Networks; 12.6 Ultra-Wideband; Appendix A: Linear systems theory; Appendix B: Algebra for the linear system; Appendix C: Probability theory; Appendix D: DSP fundamentals applied to OFDM processing; Appendix E: Satellite communication aspects; Appendix F: Erlang and Poisson traffic tables

About the Author :
Dr Upena Dalal is presently working as Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Electronics Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Surat, India. She obtained her Bachelor degree from SVRCET, Surat, in 1991, post-graduation from DDIT, Nadiad, with Gold Medal in 2005, and PhD from SVNIT in 2009. She has more than 23 years of academic experience. She has published about 100 conference and reputed journal papers at both national and international levels. She has guided many UG and PG projects, dissertations and seminars in the area of advance communication systems. Under her guidance two scholars have received PhD and 12 research scholars are pursuing their PhD. Her doctoral thesis has been published as a book by VDM Publishing, Germany.