Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

It aims to explain the different sources of damage that can be triggered by an earthquake and the conceptual method of earthquake-resistant design. The book would also be useful for postgraduate students of civil engineering, practising engineers, and architects. Beginning with an introduction to earthquakes and ground motion, the book provides a detailed coverage of structures and soil in terms of their seismic response. The need for placing emphasis on conceptual design is covered in detail by enumerating factors that cause damage and by offering guidelines for efficient seismic-resistant design, with special attention to timber, masonry, concrete, and steel buildings.

Table of Contents:
1. : EARTHQUAKES AND GROUND MOTION; 1.1 INTERIOR OF EARTH; 1.2 CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES; 1.2.1 INDIAN PLATE AND HIMALAYA EARTHQUAKES; 1.2.2 ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY; 1.2.3 PLATE TECTONIC THEORY; 1.2.4 CAUSES OF VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKES; 1.3 NATURE AND OCCURRENCE OF EARTHQUAKES; 1.4 SEISMIC WAVES; 1.5 GRAPHICAL METHOD OF LOCATING EARTHQUAKES; 1.6 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES; 1.7 CONSEQUENCES OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE; 1.8 MEASUREMENTS OF EARTHQUAKES; 1.8.1 INTENSITY; 1.8.2 MAGNITUDE; 1.8.3 MOMENT MAGNITUDE; 1.8.4 MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY IN SEISMIC REGIONS; 1.8.5 SEISMOGRAPHS; 1.9 STRONG GROUND MOTION; 1.10 LOCAL SITE EFFECTS; 1.10.1 TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS; 1.10.2 BASIN EFFECTS; 1.10.3 LATERAL DISCONTINUITY EFFECTS; 1.11 CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKES; 1.12 SEISMIC ZONING; 1.13 RESPONSE OF STRUCTURE TO EARTHQUAKE MOTION; 1.14 SEISMIC DESIGN; 2. : DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURES AND SEISMIC RESPONSE; 2.1 MODELLING OF STRUCTURES; 2.1.1 LUMPED MASS APPROACH; 2.1.2 GENERALIZED DISPLACEMENT PROCEDURE; 2.1.3 FINITE ELEMENT PROCEDURE; 2.2 EQUATIONS OF MOTION; 2.2.1 DIRECT EQUILIBRATION USING D'ALEMBERT'S PRINCIPLE; 2.2.2 PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL DISPLACEMENTS; 2.2.3 ENERGY METHOD-HAMILTON'S PRINCIPLE; 2.3 SYSTEMS WITH SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM; 2.4 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF SINGLE-STOREY STRUCTURE; 2.4.1 FREE VIBRATION RESPONSE; 2.4.2 FORCED VIBRATION RESPONSE; 2.5 SEISMIC RESPONSE OF SDOF STRUCTURES; 2.5.1 ELASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE; 2.5.2 INELASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE; 2.6 RESPONSE SPECTRUM; 2.6.1 ELASTIC SYSTEMS; 2.6.2 INELASTIC SYSTEMS; 2.7 DESIGN SPECTRUM; 2.7.1 ELASTIC SYSTEMS; 2.7.2 INELASTIC SYSTEMS; 2.8 SYSTEMS WITH MULTIPLE DEGREES OF FREEDOM; 2.8.1 EQUATIONS OF MOTION; 2.9 PERIODS AND MODES OF VIBRATION OF MDOF SYSTEMS; 2.10 ELASTIC RESPONSE OF MDOF SYSTEMS; 2.11 INELASTIC RESPONSE OF MDOF SYSTEMS; 2.12 RESTORING FORCE; 2.13 DAMPING; 2.14 DAMPING VALUES FOR BUILDING; 2.15 UNCERTAINTIES OF DYNAMIC ANALYSIS; 3. : DYNAMICS OF SOILS AND SEISMIC RESPONSE; 3.1 STRESS CONDITIONS OF SOIL ELEMENT; 3.2 DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF SOIL; 3.2.1 SETTLEMENT OF DRY SANDS; 3.2.2 LIQUEFACTION OF SATURATED COHESIONLESS SOILS; 3.3 DYNAMIC DESIGN PARAMETERS OF SOILS; 3.3.1 SHEAR MODULUS; 3.3.2 DAMPING; 3.4 SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION; 3.5 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SOIL-STRUCTURE SYSTEMS; 3.5.1 SOIL MODELS; 3.5.2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS; 3.6 SEISMIC CONSIDERATION FOR FOUNDATIONS; 3.6.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS (SPREAD FOOTING); 3.6.2 DEEP FOUNDATIONS (PILE FOUNDATION); 3.7 TEST OF SOIL CHARACTERISTICS; 3.7.1 FIELD TESTS; 3.7.2 LABORATORY TEST; 4. : CONCEPTUAL DESIGN; 4.1 CONTINUOUS LOAD PATH; 4.2 OVERALL FORM; 4.3 SIMPLICITY, UNIFORMITY, AND SYMMETRY; 4.4 ELONGATED SHAPES; 4.5 STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH; 4.6 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL MEMBERS; 4.7 TWISTING OF BUILDINGS; 4.8 DUCTILITY; 4.9 FLEXIBLE BUILDING; 4.10 FUNCTIONAL PLANNING; 4.11 FRAMING SYSTEMS; 4.12 EFFECT OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; 4.13 CHOICE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS; 5. : CODE-BASED ANALYSIS METHODS AND DESIGN APPROACHES; 5.1 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS; 5.1.1 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR CONFIGURATIONS; 5.2 DESIGN EARTHQUAKE LOADS; 5.2.1 DESIGN HORIZONTAL EARTHQUAKE LOAD; 5.2.2 DESIGN VERTICAL EARTHQUAKE LOAD; 5.2.3 COMBINATION FOR TWO- OR THREE-COMPONENT MOTION; 5.2.4 BASIC LOAD COMBINATIONS; 5.3 PERMISSIBLE STRESS; 5.4 SEISMIC METHODS OF ANALYSIS; 5.4.1 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS; 5.4.2 METHODS OF ELASTIC ANALYSIS; 5.4.3 LIMITATIONS OF EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE AND RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS PROCEDURES; 5.4.4 EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE VS RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS PROCEDURE; 5.5 FACTORS IN SEISMIC ANALYSIS; 5.5.1 ZONE FACTOR; 5.5.2 IMPORTANCE FACTOR; 5.5.3 RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR; 5.5.4 FUNDAMENTAL NATURAL PERIOD; 5.5.5 DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM; 5.6 SEISMIC BASE SHEAR; 5.7 SEISMIC WEIGHT; 5.8 DISTRIBUTION OF DESIGN FORCE; 5.8.1 EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD; 5.8.2 RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD; 5.9 TIME HISTORY METHOD; 5.10 TORSION; 5.11 SOFT AND WEAK STOREYS IN CONSTRUCTION; 5.12 OVERTURNING MOMENT; 5.13 OTHER STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS; 5.13.1 STOREY DRIFT; 5.13.2 DEFORMATION COMPATIBILITY OF NON-SEISMIC MEMBERS; 5.13.3 SEPARATION BETWEEN ADJACENT UNITS; 5.13.4 FOUNDATIONS; 5.13.5 CANTILEVER PROJECTIONS; 5.13.6 COMPOUND WALLS; 5.13.7 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN PARTS; 5.14 EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN METHODS; 5.15 SEISMIC RESPONSE CONTROL; 5.16 SEISMIC RESPONSE CONTROL SYSTEMS; 5.17 PASSIVE SEISMIC CONTROL SYSTEM; 5.17.1 BASE ISOLATION AND ISOLATING DEVICES; 5.17.2 ENERGY DISSIPATION AND DISSIPATING DEVICES-DAMPERS; 5.17.3 DYNAMIC OSCILLATORS; 5.18 ACTIVE SEISMIC CONTROL SYSTEM; 5.19 HYBRID SEISMIC CONTROL SYSTEMS; 5.20 SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS; APPENDIX 5.A THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION GOVERNING FREE VIBRATION; 6. : MASONRY BUILDINGS; 6.1 CATEGORIES OF MASONRY BUILDINGS; 6.2 BEHAVIOUR OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS; 6.3 BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS; 6.4 BEHAVIOUR OF WALLS-BOX ACTION AND BANDS; 6.5 BEHAVIOUR OF INFILL WALLS; 6.6 CONFINED MASONRY CONSTRUCTION; 6.7 IMPROVING SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY BUILDINGS; 6.8 LOADS COMBINATIONS AND PERMISSIBLE STRESSES; 6.9 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS; 6.10 SEISMIC DESIGN OF MASONRY BUILDING; 6.11 RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF MASONRY WALLS; 6.11.1 GROUTING; 6.11.2 GUNITING; 6.11.3 PRESTRESSING; 6.11.4 EXTERNAL BINDING; 6.11.5 INSERTING NEW WALLS; 7. : TIMBER BUILDINGS; 7.1 STRUCTURAL FORM; 7.2 CONNECTIONS; 7.2.1 NAILED JOINTS; 7.2.2 BOLTED JOINTS; 7.2.3 CONNECTOR JOINTS; 7.2.4 FINGER JOINTS; 7.3 LATERAL LOAD TRANSFER IN TIMBER BUILDINGS; 7.4 FLOORS AND ROOFS; 7.5 TIMBER SHEAR PANEL CONSTRUCTION; 7.6 STUD-WALL CONSTRUCTION; 7.7 BRICK-NOGGED TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION; 7.8 SUBSTRUCTURE; 7.9 SITE RESPONSE; 7.10 DUCTILE BEHAVIOUR OF JOINTS; 7.11 FIRE RESISTANCE; 7.12 DECAY; 7.13 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES; 7.14 RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING; 7.14.1 STRENGTHENING OF SLABS; 8. : REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS; 8.1 DAMAGE TO RCC BUILDINGS; 8.2 PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN OF RCC MEMBERS; 8.2.1 DUCTILE FAILURE; 8.3 INTERACTION BETWEEN CONCRETE AND STEEL; 8.4 CONCRETE DETAILING-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS; 8.5 FLEXURAL MEMBERS IN FRAME; 8.5.1 DIMENSIONS; 8.5.2 LOGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT; 8.5.3 LAP SPLICES; 8.5.4 WEB REINFORCEMENT; 8.6 COLUMNS AND FRAME MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD; 8.6.1 DIMENSIONS; 8.6.2 LOGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT; 8.6.3 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT; 8.7 SPECIAL CONFINING REINFORCEMENT; 8.8 JOINTS OF FRAMES; 8.9 SLABS; 8.9.1 DIAPHRAGM ACTION; 8.9.2 DUCTILE DETAILING; 8.10 STAIRCASES; 8.11 UPSTANDS AND PARAPETS; 8.12SHEAR WALLS; 8.13 BEHAVIOUR OF SHEAR WALLS; 8.14 TALL SHEAR WALLS; 8.14.1 FLEXURAL STRENGTH; 8.14.2 SHEAR STRENGTH; 8.14.3 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS; 8.15 SQUAT SHEAR WALLS; 8.16 DESIGN OF SHEAR WALLS; 8.17 RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING; 8.17.1 RESTORATION; 8.17.2 STRENGTHENING; 8.18 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION; 8.18.1 SPECIFICATIONS; 8.18.2 CHARACTERISTICS; 8.19 PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION; 9. : STEEL BUILDINGS; 9.1 SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURAL STEEL; 9.2 MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP; 9.3 STEEL FRAMES; 9.3.1 BEHAVIOUR OF UNBRACED FRAMES; 9.3.2 BEHAVIOUR OF BRACED FRAMES; 9.4 FLEXURAL MEMBERS; 9.4.1 BEHAVIOUR UNDER CYCLIC LOADING; 9.5 FRAME MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING; 9.5.1 MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR COLUMNS; 9.5.2 BEHAVIOUR OF COLUMNS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING; 9.6 CONNECTION DESIGN AND JOINT BEHAVIOUR; 9.6.1 DETAILING OF STEEL CONNECTIONS; 9.6.2 BEHAVIOUR OF CONNECTIONS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING; 9.7 STEEL PANEL ZONES; 9.7.1 DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF PANEL ZONE; 9.7.2 DETAILING PANEL ZONE FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE; 9.7.3 STIFFENERS IN PANEL ZONE; 9.8 BRACING MEMBERS; 9.8.1 BEHAVIOUR OF BRACING UNDER CYCLIC LOADING; 9.9 LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS; 9.10 DUCTILE DESIGN OF FRAME MEMBERS; 9.11 RETROFITTING AND STRENGTHENING OF STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMES; 9.11.1 RETROFITTING; 9.11.2 STRENGTHENING; 10. : NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; 10.1 FAILURE MECHANISMS OF NON-STRUCTURES; 10.2 EFFECT OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ON STRUCTURAL SYSTEM; 10.3 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; 10.3.1 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS; 10.3.2 EQUIVALENT STATIC ANALYSIS; 10.4 PREVENTION OF NON-STRUCTURAL DAMAGE; 10.4.1 ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS; 10.4.2 MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS; 10.5 ISOLATION OF NON-STRUCTURES; 10.5.1 ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS; 10.5.2 MECHANICAL COMPONENTS; 11. : BHUJ EARTHQUAKE 2001: A CASE STUDY; 11.1 EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS AND EFFECTS; 11.1.1 GEOLOGICAL EFFECTS; 11.1.2 GEOTECHNICAL EFFECTS; 11.2 BUILDINGS; 11.2.1 MASONRY BUILDINGS; 11.2.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS; 11.2.3 PRECAST BUILDINGS; APPENDICES; I SOME SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA; II SEISMIC ZONES IN INDIA; III ZONE FACTOR FOR SOME IMPORTANT TOWNS IN INDIA; IV DEFINITIONS OF IRREGULAR BUILDINGS-PLAN IRREGULARITIES; V DEFINITIONS OF IRREGULAR BUILDINGS-VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES; VI DETERMINATION OF NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE SHAPES; VII HORIZONTAL SEISMIC COEFFICIENT (?O); VIII IMPORTANCE FACTOR (I); IX SOIL-FOUNDATION FACTOR (?); X SECOND-ORDER EFFECTS (P-? EFFECTS); XI BAUSCHINGER EFFECT; BIBLIOGRAPHY; INDEX

About the Author :
S.K. Duggal currently a professor in the Civil Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, has over 36 years of experience in teaching undergraduate as well as postgraduate students. A PhD from Allahabad University, he has published a number of research papers in both national and international journals.