The Elevator Effect: Contact and Collegiality in the American Judiciary

Appellate judges wield enormous influence in the United States. Their decisions define the scope of legislative and executive power, adjudicate relationships between the federal government and the states, and determine the breadth of individuals' rights and liberties. But, compared to their colleagues on trial courts, they face a significant constraint on their power: their colleagues. The Elevator Effect: Contact and Collegiality in the American Judiciary presents a comprehensive, first of its kind examination of the importance of interpersonal relationships among judges for judicial decision-making and legal development. Regarding decision-making, the authors demonstrate that more frequent interpersonal contact among judges diminishes the role of ideology in judicial decision-making to the point where it is both substantively and statistically imperceptible. This finding stands in stark contrast to judicial decision-making accounts that present ideology as an unwavering determinant of judicial choice. With regard to legal development, the book shows that collegiality affects both the language that judges use to express their disagreement with one another and the precedents they choose to support their arguments. Thus, the overriding argument of The Elevator Effect is that collegiality affects nearly every aspect of judicial behavior. The authors draw on an impressive and unique original collection of data to untangle the relationship between judges' interpersonal relationships and the law they produce. The Elevator Effect presents a clear and highly readable narrative backed by analysis of judicial behavior throughout the U.S. federal judicial hierarchy to demonstrate that the institutional structure in which judges operate substantially tempers judicial behavior. Written in a broad and accessible style, this book will captivate students across a range of disciplines, such as law, political sciences, and empirical legal studies, and also policymakers and the public.

Table of Contents:
List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1: The Missing Link: The Importance of Collegiality for Judicial Behavior Chapter 2: Understanding Collegiality Chapter 3: Interpersonal Contact and Publicizing Disagreement Chapter 4: Why Does Collegiality Matter? Chapter 5: The Supreme Court: From the Boarding House to the Marble Temple Chapter 6: The Lunchroom Politics of Intercourt Relations Chapter 7: Collegiality and the Language of Dissent Chapter 8: The Impact of Relationships on the Use of Precedent Chapter 9: Taking Collegiality Seriously in Designing and Studying Courts Bibliography

About the Author :
Morgan L.W. Hazelton is an Associate Professor of Political Science and Law (by Courtesy) at Saint Louis University. She studies how features of courts influence the decisions that litigants and judges make drawing on her background in both law and political science. Her work includes Persuading the Supreme Court: The Significance of Briefs in Judicial Decision-Making. She received her B.A. from the University of New Mexico, J.D. from the University of Texas at Austin, and her Ph.D. from Washington University in St. Louis. Rachael K. Hinkle is an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University at Buffalo, SUNY. Her research agenda focuses on judicial politics with particular attention to gleaning insights into legal development from the content of judicial opinions and other legal texts through the use of computational text analytic techniques. Her work includes Persuading the Supreme Court: The Significance of Briefs in Judicial Decision-Making. She received her B.A. from Huntington University, J.D. from Ohio Northern, and her Ph.D. from Washington University in St. Louis. She clerked in the District of Arizona and the Sixth Circuit. Michael J. Nelson is a Professor of Political Science and Affiliate Law Faculty at Pennsylvania State University. He studies the causes and consequences of judicial power in the United States and abroad and is the author of Black and Blue: How African Americans Judge the American Legal System, The Politics of Federal Prosecution, and Judging Inequality: State Supreme Courts and the Inequality Crisis. He received his B.A. from Drake University and his Ph.D. from Washington University in St. Louis.

Review :
Although judges often stress the meaningful role of collegiality in the decision-making process, scholars just as often denigrate it. Until now. Using original and unique data, The Elevator Effect demonstrates that collegiality reduces the role of ideology in judging and influences the language of judicial opinions. The results are so persuasive that they ought do more than deter future dismissals of the importance of collegiality; they should encourage research into this crucial aspect of judicial behavior. A groundbreaking and convincing empirical study showing that political polarization on the courts is not inevitable when conditions for judicial collegiality, in all its forms, are optimized. It is a 'must read' for academics, legal professionals, and policymakers who think about the operation and impact of courts in American society. The Elevator Effect is an important book. The authors make a persuasive argument that collegiality can be a major element in judicial decision making, and their wide-ranging set of empirical studies tells us a great deal about how collegiality shapes judges' choices. The Elevator Effect: Contact and Collegiality makes a foundational contribution to the judicial behavior literature. Seamlessly integrating data analysis and interviews, the authors convincingly establish how judges' relationships with one another shape how they reason and decide cases. The Elevator Effect is essential reading for judicial scholars, journalists, and anyone interested in our understanding of how judges write decisions. The Elevator Effect is an important contribution to our understanding of judicial decisionmaking and the development of legal doctrine in the United States. Using multiple sources of data, Hazelton, Hinkle, and Nelson make a strong case that the interpersonal relationships among judges play a much more important role in influencing judicial behavior than previously appreciated and that this influence is often large in magnitude but contextually dependent. The Elevator Effect is a sophisticated and nuanced account of judging that is essential reading for scholars of judicial behavior. I strongly recommend it. In the social sciences, one is increasingly led to believe: if it cannot be put into an equation, it is not in the world. A whole industry studies the effects of ideology on judicial decision-making, while the counterbalancing effect of collegiality gets short shrift. The book beautifully weaves theory, qualitative evidence from interviews, and smartly designed quantitative analysis into a colorful picture of judicial interaction held together by respect and empathy.