The Migration-Development Regime: How Class Shapes Indian Emigration(MODERN SOUTH ASIA SERIES)

A sweeping history of how India has used its poor and elite emigrants to further Indian development and how Indian emigrants have reacted, resisted, and re-shaped India's development in response. How can states and migrants themselves explain the causes and effects of global migration? The Migration-Development Regime introduces a novel analytical framework to help answer this question in India, the world's largest emigrant exporter and the world's largest remittance-receiving country. Drawing on an archival analysis of Indian government documents, an original data base of Indian migrants' transnational organizations, and over 200 interviews with poor and elite Indian emigrants, recruiters, and government officials, this book exposes the vital role the Indian state (from the colonial era to the present day) has long played in forging and legitimizing class inequalities within India through the management of international emigration. It also exposes how poor and elite emigrants have differentially resisted and re-shaped state emigration practices over time. By taking a long and class-based view, this book recasts contemporary migration not simply as a problematic function of neoliberalism or as a development panacea for sending countries, but as a dynamic historical process that sending states and migrants have long used to shape local development. In doing so, it re-defines the primary problems of global migration, exposes the material and ideological impact that migration has on sending state development, and isolates what is truly novel about contemporary migration.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Migration-Development Regimes (MDRs) Chapter 3: The Rise and Fall of the Coolie MDR (1834-1947): Racialized Class Exploitation Chapter 4: The Rise and Fall of the Nationalist MDR (1947-1977): Erasing the Indian Emigrant Chapter 5: The CEO MDR (1977-present): Liberalizing Emigration and Tapping Emigrants' Financial Contributions Chapter 6: The CEO MDR: Tapping Elite Emigrants' Ideological Contributions and Forging an Elite Class Pact of "Global Indians" Chapter 7: Experiencing the CEO MDR From Below: Poor Emigrants Chapter 8: Experiencing the CEO MDR from Below: Elite Emigrants Chapter 9: Vulnerabilities in the CEO MDR and a Future Trajectory References Index

About the Author :
Rina Agarwala is Associate Professor of Sociology at Johns Hopkins University. Agarwala is the award-winning author of Informal Labor, Formal Politics and Dignified Discontent in India (2013) and coeditor of Whatever Happened to Class? Reflections from South Asia (2016).

Review :
This beautifully written, lucidly argued book is distinguished by two unusual analytic moves. Agarwala is among the few scholars to explore the historical dynamics of migration from the perspective of a sending state rather than that of destination countries. In addition, she relentlessly excavates class differences, comparing the trajectories of elite and poor Indian emigrants and the contrasting policies shaping their divergent experiences. A provocative and essential contribution. The subject of Indian emigration needed a great book and this is it. Agarwala gives us a meticulous history of Indian emigration and a novel framework for understanding the role the state plays in shaping emigration. In doing so she not only shows how class differences have been at the heart of all India's emigration regimes, but also reveals the dynamic link between emigration, political legitimacy and global economic transformations. The Migration-Development Regime is bold, beautifully argued and guaranteed to change how we think of migration and development. Rina Agarwala provides a compelling sociological insight into how the India 'migration state' reproduces, if not amplifies, class inequalities. The book highlights how sending states' emigration practices are a complex amalgam of global and domestic forces, and their unintended consequences. Master ethnographer Rina Agarwala has done it again. The Migration-Development Regime tells, as only Agarwala can do, the much-needed but woefully overlooked story of how class matters in the complex relations between a migrant-sending country and its emigrants. For more than a century, India has sent migrants abroad to work; today, remittances from overseas workers make up one of the country's largest sources of foreign exchange. Yet, as Rina Agarwala points out in her remarkable new work, discussions of India's economic growth rarely acknowledge migrants' contributions, nor do they explore the way national and state policies continue to shape migrants' options, from Silicon Valley's highly-educated computer scientists, to construction workers packed into migrant hostels in the Middle East. Agarwala's carefully-researched, insightful analysis will change the way we think about India's diaspora, provoke new questions about how sending countries could protect workers abroad, and ensure their communities benefit from the 'development' that the migrants are supporting.