Understandings of Democracy: Origins and Consequences Beyond Western Democracies

The rise of authoritarian populism and declining popular confidence in democratic institutions has, of late, prompted many declarations that democracy is in crisis. Nevertheless, democracy still enjoys its supremacy in contemporary political discourse, with limited meaningful alternatives. Few of today's authoritarian leaders publicly denounce democracy; instead, they are more inclined to present their regimes as democracies. Furthermore, public opinion surveys show that ordinary citizens still widely and deeply appreciate democracy, even in societies with limited practice of democracy. Democracy is still the "only game" in contemporary political discourse. Given the popularity of democracy, the hotly debated and discussed crisis of democracy is puzzling. If most people love democracy and politicians have to live with democracy (whether they like it or not), how can democracy be in trouble? More specifically, if people love democracy, shouldn't they despise authoritarian leaders and regimes, or even join the advocates of democracy to rebel against authoritarianism? To address these questions, Understandings of Democracy looks at both the practices of political elites and key dynamics that drive mass attitudes and behaviors. Jie Lu and Yun-han Chu argue that mass attitudes and behaviors are greatly affected by how people understand democracy. More specifically, they make the following arguments: people hold distinct understandings of democracy; popular conceptions of democracy are significantly shaped by surrounding socioeconomic and political contexts; such varying conceptions generate different baselines for people to assess democratic practices and to establish their views of democracy; and such distinct conceptions also drive political participation in different ways. Overall, popular understandings of democracy shape how citizens respond to authoritarian or populist practices and offer significant explanatory power for understanding why democracy is in trouble in today's world, even when most people profess to love democracy. Using large-scale comparative surveys and survey experiments from seventy-two societies and a national survey in the United States, Understandings of Democracy captures how people respond when presented with the tradeoffs between the intrinsic and instrumental values of democracy, as well as the attitudinal and behavioral implications of such responses.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Crisis of Democracy and Democratic Conceptions Chapter 2: New Instruments for Popular Understandings of Democracy Chapter 3: Varying Understandings of Democracy in the Contemporary World Chapter 4: Origins of Varying Understandings of Democracy Chapter 5: Democratic Assessment Colored by Understandings of Democracy Chapter 6: Political Participation and Varying Understandings of Democracy Chapter 7: Conclusions

About the Author :
Jie Lu is Ye Chenghai Chair Professor of Political Science at the Renmin University of China. Before joining the Renmin University, he taught at American University in Washington, DC. He studies local governance, the political economy of institutional change, public opinion, and political participation. His regional expertise focuses on the Greater China Region and East Asia. His work has appeared in Comparative Political Studies, Comparative Politics, Political Psychology, Politics & Society, Political Communication, Journal of Democracy, and other journals. He is also the author of Varieties of Governance in China: Migration and Institutional Change in Chinese Villages. Yun-han Chu is an academician of Academia Sinica, Distinguished Research Fellow of the Institute of Political Science at Academia Sinica, and Professor of Political Science at National Taiwan University. He serves concurrently as President of Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange. He is the founder and director of Asian Barometer Survey, a cross-national survey on political values, citizen politics, and the quality of democracy covering 19 Asian societies. He is the author, co-author, editor, or co-editor of seventeen books. Among his recent English publications are Democracy in East Asia: A New Century, Dynamics of Democracy in Taiwan: The Ma Ying-jeou Years, and The Decline of the Western-Centric World and the Emerging New Global Order.

Review :
How people understand and define democracy matters. Many scholars have used the fact that people have widely different understandings to cast doubt on the value of asking people survey questions about democracy, especially in the developing world. But Lu and Chu show how these diverse understandings arise, and, in turn, how they shape people's willingness to trade democracy for other desired goods. This has enormous consequences for understanding the current predicament of democracy across the globe. People around the world all say they love democracy, but Lu and Chu show that they have different ideas about what democracy means—and that the differences matter for regime support and political participation. Based on survey data from 72 societies, this rich, nuanced analysis sets a new standard for comparative studies of political culture and behavior. Crucially, the book shows how the relative distribution of these four groups differs throughout the world. This is important because benefit seekers those who choose outcomes over procedures may accept clearly undemocratic procedures, or even regimes, if they get their desired policy outcomes. The book also seeks to determine what contextual and demographic factors led to these varying understandings of democracy, and how individuals consequently vary in terms of democratic satisfaction and political participation. This comprehensive work provides thorough data and analysis. Lu and Chu's study is methodologically sound and at the cutting edge of advanced cross-national survey research...Logically structured, eloquently written, firmly embedded in empirical theory, and richly illustrated, this monograph provides meaningful and genuinely novel insights.