Microcontrollers and Microcomputers Principles of Software and Hardware Engineering

Microcontrollers and Microcomputers: Principles of Software and Hardware Engineering, Second Edition, is an ideal introductory text for an embedded system or microcontroller course. While most texts discuss only one specific microcontroller, this book offers a unique approach by covering the common ground among all microcontrollers in one volume. Since the text does not focus on a particular processor, it can be used with processor-specific material--such as manufacturer's data sheets and reference manuals--or with texts, including author Fredrick M. Cady's Software and Hardware Engineering: Motorola M68HC11 or Software and Hardware Engineering: Motorola M68HC12. Now fully updated, the second edition covers the fundamental operation of standard microcontroller features, including parallel and serial I/O interfaces, interrupts, analog-to-digital conversion, and timers, focusing on the electrical interfaces as needed. It devotes one chapter to showing how a variety of devices can be used, and emphasizes C program software development, design, and debugging.

Table of Contents:
1: Introduction 1.1 Computers, Microprocessors, Microcomputers, Microcontrollers 1.2 Moore's Law 1.3 Microcontrollers 1.4 Some Basic Definitions 1.5 Notation 1.6 Study Plan 2: General Principles of Microcontrollers 2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Typical Microcontroller 2.3 The Picocontroller 2.4 The Microcontroller's Memory 2.5 The Central Processor Unit 2.6 Timing 2.7 The I/O Interface 2.8 The Address, Data, and Control Buses 2.9 Some More Instructions 2.10 The Final Picocontroller Design 2.11 Software/Firmware Development 2.12 The Software Development Tool Set 2.13 Remaining Questions 2.14 Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points 2.15 Problems 3: Structured Program Design 3.1 The Need for Software Design 3.2 The Software Development Process 3.3 Top-Down Design 3.4 Design Partitioning 3.5 Bottom-Up Design 3.6 The Real-World Approach 3.7 Types of Design Activity 3.8 Design Tools 3.10 Structured Programming in Assembly Language 3.11 Program Comments 3.12 Software Documentation 3.13 A Top Down Design Example 3.14 Chapter Summary Points 3.15 Bibliography and Further Reading 3.16 Problems 4: Introduction to the CPU: Registers and Condition Codes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 CPU Registers 4.3 Register Transfers 4.4 The Condition Code Register 4.5 The Programmer's Model 4.6 Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points 4.7 Problems 5: Memory Addressing Modes 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Addressing Terminology 5.3 Memory Types 5.4 Computer Types and Memory Maps 5.5 Memory Architectures 5.6 Addressing Modes 5.7 Stack Addressing 5.8 Chapter Conclusion and Summary Points 5.9 Problems 6: Assembly Language Programming 6.1 Assembly Language Programming Style 6.2 Structured Assembly Language Programming 6.3 Interprocess Communication 6.4 Assembly Language Tricks of the Trade 6.5 Making it Look Pretty 6.6 Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points 6.7 Bibliography and Further Reading 6.8 Problems 7: C Programming for Embedded Systems 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Major Differences between C for Embedded and Desktop Applications 7.3 Architecture of a C Program 7.4 Assembly Language Interface 7.5 Bits and Bytes - Accessing I/O Registers 7.6 Interrupts 7.7 Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points 7.8 Bibliography and Further Reading 7.9 Problems 8: Debugging Microcontroller Software and Hardware 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Program Debugging 8.3 Debugging Your Code 8.4 Debugging Tools 8.5 Typical Assembly Language Program Bugs 8.6 Debugging and Testing C Programs 8.7 Other Debugging Techniques 8.8 Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points 8.9 Bibliography and Further Reading 8.10 Problems 9: Computer Buses and Parallel I/O 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Computer Bus 9.3 I/O Addressing 9.4 More Bus Ideas 9.5 Microcontroller I/O 9.6 More I/O Ideas 9.7 I/O Software 9.8 Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points 9.9 Problems 10: Interrupts and Real-Time Events 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Interrupt Process 10.3 Multiple Sources of Interrupts 10.4 Simultaneous Interrupts - Priorities 10.5 Nested Interrupts 10.6 Other Interrupts 10.7 The Interrupt Service Routine or Interrupt Handler 10.8 An Interrupt Program Template 10.9 Advanced Interrupts 10.10 Watchdog Timer or Computer Operating Properly (COP) 10.11 Real-Time Interrupt 10.12 Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points 10.13 Problems 11: Memory 11.1 Introduction 11.2 A Short History of Random-Access Memory 11.3 Semiconductor Memory 11.4 Memory Timing Requirements 11.5 Chapter Conclusion and Summary Points 11.6 Problems 12: Serial I/O 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Asynchronous Serial Communication System 12.3 Standards for the Asynchronous Serial I/O Interface 12.4 Asynchronous Serial Hardware Interfaces 12.5 ASCII Data and Control Codes 12.6 Asynchronous Data Flow Control 12.7 Debugging and Trouble Shooting 12.8 Asynchronous Serial I/O Software 12.9 Synchronous Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) 12.10 SPI Interface Examples 12.11 Inter-Integrated Circuit (IIC or I2C) 12.12 The Controller Area Network (CAN) Bus 12.13 Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points 12.14 Problems 13: Analog Input and Output 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Data Acquisition and Conversion 13.3 Shannon's Sampling Theorem and Aliasing 13.4 A/D Errors 13.5 Choosing the A/D Converter 13.6 The Analog-to-Digital Converter Interface 13.7 Analog-to-Digital Converter Types 13.8 Digital-to-Analog Conversion 13.9 Other Analog I/O Methods 13.1 Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points 13.11 Problems 14: Counters and Timers 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Timer/Counter 14.3 Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Waveforms 14.4 "Real" Real-Time Clock - Clock Time 14.5 Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points 14.6 Problems 15: Single-Chip Microcontroller Interfacing Techniques 15.1 Microcontroller Chip I/O 15.2 Simple Input Devices 15.3 Simple Display Devices 15.4 Parallel I/O Expansion 15.5 Parallel I/O Electronics 15.6 Temperature Measurements 15.7 Motor Control 15.8 Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points 15.9 Bibliography and Further Reading 15.10 Problems 16: Real-Time Operating Systems 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) 16.3 Conclusion and Chapter Summary Points 16.4 Bibliography and Further Reading 16.5 Problems Appendix A: Binary Codes A.1 Binary Codes Review A.2 Problems