About the Book
Most Americans imagine the Civil War in terms of clear and defined boundaries of freedom and slavery: a straightforward division between the slave states of Kentucky and Missouri and the free states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Kansas. However, residents of these western border states, Abraham Lincoln's home region, had far more ambiguous identities-and contested political loyalties-than we commonly assume. In The Rivers Ran Backward,
Christopher Phillips sheds light on the fluid political cultures of the "Middle Border" states during the Civil War era. Far from forming a fixed and static boundary between the North and South, the border
states experienced fierce internal conflicts over their political and social loyalties. White supremacy and widespread support for the existence of slavery pervaded the "free" states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, which had much closer economic and cultural ties to the South, while those in Kentucky and Missouri held little identification with the South except over slavery. Debates raged at every level, from the individual to the state, in parlors, churches, schools, and public meeting places,
among families, neighbors, and friends. Ultimately, the pervasive violence of the Civil War and the cultural politics that raged in its aftermath proved to be the strongest determining factor in
shaping these states' regional identities, leaving an indelible imprint on the way in which Americans think of themselves and others in the nation. The Rivers Ran Backward reveals the complex history of the western border states as they struggled with questions of nationalism, racial politics, secession, neutrality, loyalty, and even place-as the Civil War tore the nation, and themselves, apart. In this major work, Phillips shows that the Civil War was more than a
conflict pitting the North against the South, but one within the West that permanently reshaped American regions.
Table of Contents:
Prologue "There is a West"
Introduction
Interstice-White Salt, Black Servitude
Chapter One: White Flows the River-Freedom and Unfreedom in the Early National
West
Interstice-North of Slavery, West of Abolition
Chapter Two: Babel-Changed Persistence on Slavery's Borderland
Interstice-Vox Populi
Chapter Three: The Ten Year War-Sectional Politics in a Dividing Region
Interstice-House of Cards
Chapter Four: No North-No South-No East-No West-The Fiction of the
Wartime Middle Ground
Interstice-The Gates of Zion
Chapter Five: Netherworld of War-Civilians, Soldiers, and the Dominion of War
Interstice-War of Another Kind
Chapter Six: Bitter Harvest-Emancipation and the Politics of Loyalty
Interstice-The Art of Retaliation
Chapter Seven: Shadow Wars-The Crucible of Social Violence
Interstice-A River Between Them
Chapter Eight: North Star, Southern Cross-The Politics of Irreconciliation
Epilogue Rally Round the Flag
Conclusion
Abbreviations
Notes
Bibliography
Acknowledgments
Index
About the Author :
Christopher Phillips is Professor of History and Department Head at the University of Cincinnati. He is the author of seven books, including Damned Yankee: The Life of General Nathaniel Lyon; Freedom's Port: The African American Community of Baltimore, 1790-1860; Missouri's Confederate: Claiborne Fox Jackson and the Creation of Southern Identity in the Border West; and The Civil War in the Border South.
Review :
"[E]xcellent....This valuable book spans a century of history and weaves together several key themes of recent Civil War-era scholarship....Phillips offers much more than a synthesis in this deeply researched volume that draws on manuscripts from some thirty different archives; he also provides a richly detailed portrait of a region that came apart as its residents reevaluated and redefined their most cherished loyalties and beliefs. These findings will
encourage scholars to rethink the terms and concepts we use to study a period in which North and South took on meanings that are obvious only in hindsight."--Michael E. Woods, Journal of Southern History
"[A] sprawling account....Phillips' account of the middle border's Civil War is a welcome addition to a historiography of the Civil War that remains in many ways divided into North and South."--Nicole Myers Turner, The Michigan Historical Review
"Previous historians have explored the violence and internal fighting in the West, especially in Missouri, but few have provided as detailed an account of the war's effects on the region or considered as carefully its cultural legacy Phillips's thoroughly researched and well-argued account presents an original and persuasive interpretation that deserves wide attention. The Rivers Ran Backward should become a standard work on the trans-Appalachian
West."--Jonathan M. Atkins, American Historical Review
"Phillips' expert command of Kentucky and Missouri history enables him to analyze incisively the war's impact in the Lower North...[The subfield's] most important and wide-reaching title to date."--Civil War Book Review
"[E]ssential reading for anyone interested in the American Civil War and its unforeseen consequences A 'sprawling' work, but one that conveys superbly the damage done by war to the diverse residents of a no less sprawling region that had once had grand hopes of saving the republic from the disastrous consequences of sectional conflict."--Reviews in History
"A masterful study of the 'Middle Border' region Easy dichotomies about the Civil War era are complicated by Phillips's rich, complex narrative Indispensable reading for students of the Civil War era."--CHOICE
"The region where five great rivers come together-the Ohio, Cumberland, Tennessee, Missouri, and Mississippi-experienced a civil war within the Civil War. Christopher Phillips' fresh perspective on this conflict offers new insights on the great American trauma that forged a renewed nation on the ruins of the old one. This book belongs on the shelf of everyone interested in the Civil War."--James M. McPherson, author of The War That Forged a Nation: Why the
Civil War Still Matters
"Christopher Phillips has written one of the most important books on the Civil War in a generation. Massively researched-down to local church records-sparkling with original thinking, and deeply humane, The Rivers Ran Backward illustrates how Americans struggled over the stakes of the conflict, the definition of freedom, and the very idea of North, South, and West. Phillips reveals the War Within the States, personal, intense, and hugely
consequential."--T.J. Stiles, author of Custer's Trials: A Life on the Frontier of a New America
"In a work of remarkable research and clear insight, Christopher Phillips has recast our understanding of a vast part of the American landscape during the Civil War. Phillips shows us that the war, and the society it defined, refused to be bounded either by the Ohio River or by comforting generalizations."--Edward L. Ayers, author of In the Presence of Mine Enemies: Civil War in the Heart of America
"The remaking of 'the middle border' that The Rivers Ran Backward forwards rests on a fundamental remapping of American regional histories. Instead of treating the Ohio River as a divide between the realms of freedom and slavery that dated from the beginnings of the republic and produced the Civil War, this exhaustively researched, elegantly written, and powerfully argued book shows how the Civil War produced the division between North and South that
was subsequently inscribed in the memories of the people on opposite sides of the middle border and written into the histories of the region and the United States."--Stephen Aron, author of The American West: A
Very Short Introduction
"[An] excellent work of scholarship. By focusing on the Middle Border, Phillips expands our understandings of the West and forces historians to reconsider the North-South sectional binary. As a result, The Rivers Ran Backwards significantly adds to understandings of the border region as well as the American West."--James G. Kopaczewski, The Civil War Monitor
"The Rivers Ran Backward is a wonderfully deep distillation of a career's worth of scholarly investigation into the people, politics, society, and warfare of the western borderlands during the Civil War era. It is highly recommended."--Civil War Books and Authors
"[Christopher Phillips] places the trans-Appalachian border under a lens to reveal, in fine-grained detail, the multitude of wars within the Civil War that flared on both sides of the Ohio River and west through Missouri and Kansas...[E]xhaustive research...[and] fine narrative skill...adds much to our understanding of this crucial region, untangling the shifting loyalties (and disloyalties) that tore the region apart."--Fergus M. Bordewich, The Wall Street
Journal
"A most creative and important work of scholarship [with...]penetrating arguments and vivid examples."--Missouri Historical Review
"Scholarly, readable, and compelling."--Naval History Review
"Phillips writes eloquently, sometimes even poetically...[and his] exhaustive research in primary and secondary sources sets a high standard for historical detail, so too as an example of first-class historical analysis. Readers will especially welcome the beautifully crafted short literary sketches that preface each of his book's nine chapters."--Ohio Valley History
"[A] masterful combination of synthesis of existing scholarship and extensive primary research....Phillips's book will clearly be a seminal study of the Midwest during the Civil War and a work that scholars will be turning to--either for enlightenment or to challenge--for a long time."--Annals of Iowa
"Christopher Phillips's meticulously researched and well-evidenced The Rivers Ran Backward... brings together insights gained over several decades of writing and publishing on the topic to construct a new and comprehensive interpretation of the border region and the sectional crisis."--April Holm, Journal of the Civil War Era
"Popular history teaches us that the American Civil War pitted North against South over the interminable issue of slavery... While inherently correct, this simplistic rendering of the conflict lacks nuance... This is why Christopher Phillips's The Rivers Ran Backwards is so important. His study of the 'Middle West' before, during, and after the Civil War muddies the dominant perspective of a purely North-South divide."--H-Net
