The Civil Sphere

What binds societies together and how can these social orders be structured in a fair way? Jeffrey C. Alexander's masterful work, The Civil Sphere, addresses this central paradox of modern life. Feelings for others--the solidarity that is ignored or underplayed by theories of power or self-interest--are at the heart of this novel inquiry into the meeting place between normative theories of what we think we should do and empirical studies of who we actually are. Solidarity, Alexander demonstrates, creates inclusive and exclusive social structures and shows how they can be repaired. It is not perfect, it is not absolute, and the horrors which occur in its lapses have been seen all too frequently in the forms of discrimination, genocide, and war. Despite its worldly flaws and contradictions, however, solidarity and the project of civil society remain our best hope: the antidote to every divisive institution, every unfair distribution, every abusive and dominating hierarchy. This grand, sweeping statement and rigorous empirical investigation is a major contribution to our thinking about the real but ideal world in which we all reside.

Table of Contents:
Introduction PART I. CIVIL SOCIETY IN SOCIAL THEORY 1. Possibilites of Justice 2. Real Civil Societies: Dilemmas of Institutionalization Civil Society I Civil Society II Return to Civil Society I? Toward Civil Society III 3. Bringing Democracy Back In: Realism, Morality, Solidarity Utopianism: The Fallacies of Twentieth-Century Evolutionism Realism: The Tradition of Thrasymachus Morality and Solidarity Complexity and Community Cultural Codes and Democratic Communication PART II. STRUCTURES AND DYNAMICS OF THE CIVIL SPHERE 4. Discourses: Liberty and Repression Pure and Impure in Civil Discourse The Binary Structures of Motives The Binary Structures of Relationships The Binary Structures of Institutions Civil Narratives of Good and Evil Everyday Essentialism The Conflict over Representation 5. Communicative Institutions: Public Opinion, Mass Media, Polls, Associations The Public and Its Opinion The Mass Media Fictional Media: Factual Media: Public Opinion Polls Civil Associations 6. Regulative Institutions (1): Voting, Parties, Office Civil Power: A New Approach to Democratic Politics Revisiting Thrasymachus: The Instrumental Science of Politics Constructing and Destructing Civil Power (1): The Right to Vote and Disenfranchisement Constructing and Destructing Civil Power (2): Parties, Partisanship, and Election Campaigns Civil Power in the State: Office as Regulating Institution 7. Regulative Institutions (2): The Civil Force of Law The Democratic Possibilities of Law Bracketing and Rediscovering the Civil Sphere: The Warring Schools of Jurisprudence The Civil Morality of Law Constitutions as Civil Regulation The Civil Life of Ordinary Law Solidarity: Individuality: Legalizing Social Exclusion: The Antidemocratic Face of Law 8. Contradictions: Uncivilizing Pressures and Civil Repair Space: The Geography of Civil Society Time: Civil Society as Historical Sedimentation Function: The Destruction of Boundary Relations and Their Repair Forms of Boundary Relations: Input, Intrusion, and Civil Repair PART III. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN THE CIVIL SPHERE 9. Social Movements as Civil Translations The Classical Model The Social Science of Social Movements (1): Secularizing the Classical Model The Social Science of Social Movements (2): Inverting the Classical Model The Social Science of Social Movements (3): Updating the Classical Model Displacing the Classical Model: Rehistoricizing the Cultural and Institutional Context of Social Movements Social Movements as Translations of Civil Societies 10. Gender and Civil Repair: The Long and Winding Road through M/otherhood Justifying Gender Domination: Relations between the Intimate and Civil Spheres Women's Difference as Facilitating Input Women's Difference as Destructive Intrusion Gender Universalism and Civil Repair The Compromise Formation of Public M/otherhood Public Stage and Civil Sphere Universalism versus Difference: Feminist Fortunes in the Twentieth Century The Ethical Limits of Care 11. Race and Civil Repair (1): Duality and the Creation of a Black Civil Society Racial Domination and Duality in the Construction of American Civil Society Duality and Counterpublics The Conditions for Civil Repair: Duality and the Construction of Black Civil Society Duality and Translation: Toward the Civil Rights Movement 12. Race and Civil Repair (2): The Civil Rights Movement and Communicative Solidarity The Battle over Representation: The Intrusion of Northern Communicative Institutions Translation and Social Drama: Emotional Identification and Symbolic Extension The Montgomery Bus Boycott: Martin Luther King and the Drama of Civil Repair 13. Race and Civil Repair (3): Civil Trauma and the Tightening Spiral of Communication and Regulation Duality and Legal Repair The Sit-In Movement: Initiating the Drama of Direct Action The New Regulatory Context The Freedom Rides: Communicative Outrage and Regulatory Intervention Failed Performance at Albany: Losing Control over the Symbolic Code Birmingham: Solidarity and the Triumph of Tragedy 14. Race and Civil Repair (4). Regulatory Reform and Ritualization The First Regulatory Repair: From Birmingham to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Second Regulatory Repair: Rewinding the Spiral of Communication and Regulation The End of the Civil Rights Movement: Institutionalization and Polarization PART IV. MODES OF INCORPORATION INTO THE CIVIL SPHERE 15. Integration between Difference and Solidarity Convergence between Radicals and Conservatives Recognition without Solidarity? Rethinking the Public Space: Fragmentation and Continuity Implications for Contemporary Debates 16. Encounters with the Other The Plasticity of Common Identity Exclusionary Solidarity Forms of Out-Group Contact Nondemocratic Incorporation Internal Colonialism and the Civil Sphere Varieties of Incorporation and Resistance in Civil Societies 17. Three Pathways to Incorporation The Assimilative Mode of Incorporation The Hyphenated Mode of Incorporation The Exception of Race: Assimilation and Hyphenation Delayed The Multicultural Mode of Incorporation 18. The Jewish Question: Anti-Semitism and the Failure of Assimilation Jews and the Dilemmas of Assimilative Incorporation Anti-Semitic Arguments for Jewish Incorporation: The Assimilative Dilemma from the Perspective of the Core Group Initial Jewish Arguments for Self-Change: The Assimilative Dilemma from the Perspective of the Out-Group The Post-Emancipation Period: Religious and Secular Modes of Jewish Adaptation to the Dilemmas of Assimilation Restructuring Organized Judaism: Religious Conversion: Secular Revolution: New Forms of Symbolic Reflection and Social Response in the Fin de Siècle: The Dilemmas of Assimilation Intensify Irony and Absurdity: New Religious and Secular Literary Genres: Zionism: The Effort to Withdraw from Western Civil Society: The Crisis of Anti-Semitic Assimilation in the Interwar Period: Resolving the Dilemmas of Assimilation by Going Backward Restrictions on Jewish Incorporation in the Unites States: Europe's "Final Solution" to the Jewish Question: Resolving the Dilemmas of Assimilation by Eliminating the Jews: 19. Answering the Jewish Question in America: Before and After the Holocaust The Dilemmas of Jewish Incorporation and Communicative Institutions: Factual and Fictional Media: The Dilemmas of Jewish Incorporation and Regulative Institutions: The Law: The Failure of the Project: Jewish Exclusion from American Civil Society Anticivil Exclusion from Education: Anticivil Exclution from Economic Life: Just Fate or Dangerous Exclusion?: Responding to Nazism and Holocaust: America's Decision to be "With the Jews" Beyond the Assimilative Dilemma: The Postwar Project of Jewish Ethnicity Making Jewish Identity Public: The Multicultural Mode of Jewish Incorporation Making the Good Jew "Bad": Phillip Roth's Confidence: The Universitality of Jewish Difference: Woody Allen as Cultural Icon: The Dialectic of Differentiation and Identification: A Crisis in American Jewry? 20. Conclusion: Civil Society as a Project Notes Bibliography Index

About the Author :
Jeffrey C. Alexander is Lillian Chavenson Saden Professor of Sociology at Yale University, and a Director of the Center for Cultural Sociology. He is also the author of The Meanings of Social Life: A Cultural Sociology (Oxford, 2003).

Review :
"The Civil Sphere offers grand theorizing in ways that remind us of both what we are and what we can be. Jeffrey Alexander offers sociology at least a place from which it may begin again."--The New Republic "The Civil Sphere is [a] crowning achievement ... that masterfully reconnects the normative and the empirical in ways that fill an important gap in our cultural discourse today ... A work of great importance, an enduring contribution to the literature on civil society and democracy. Its influence will be felt in political, cultural, and theoretical sociology for decades to come."--American Journal of Sociology "[This] is a book about the need to place justice at the centre of the sociological enterprise... One of its most distinctive and welcome features is its insistence that good social theories have a disclosing power that is practically efficacious... Its most significant contribution...is its presentation of a strong vision of civil society and the case it makes for taking up the project of civil repair. By arguing persuasively that the civil sphere is a great achievement of Western modernity, and by encouraging us to work towards its realization, the book itself is a remarkable achievement."--Philosophy and Social Criticisms "A genuine masterpiece ... America's best, and best-known, social theorist defends the project of civil society and its utopia of democratic inclusion--not only as an ideal, but also as an idea, which is already partly institutionalized."--Constellations "This subtle and hugely informative work ... offers not only acute theoretical discussion of the civil society concept, but also generous and expansive accounts of social movements of race and gender, and the theory and practice of multiculturalism and assimilation (two chapters on the Jewish experience are especially compelling)."--Contemporary Sociology The Civil Sphere offers a bold and original thesis about the critically important role that civil societies play in Western democracies. Although I will challenge Alexander's thesis, it is important to state at the outset that The Civil Sphere is a valuable book packed with rich social histories, lively engagements with ancient and contemporary theories, and novel interpretations. There is much to be learned here about the historic and sociological nature of racial, gender, and ethnic oppressions, and the struggles waged to over throw them."--Aldon Morris Sociological Quarterly "The Civil Sphere is truly a masterful and groundbreaking work, the rare and ambitious kind that does not just contribute to one of the many ongoing conversations in sociology, but brings them together and reorients them. It will undoubtedly confirm and reinforce Jeffrey Alexander's reputation as one of the foremost sociological theorists of our day. Indeed, reading The Civil Sphere generated the same sense of intellectual excitement that I experienced the first time I read Durkheim or Weber or Habermas--and for similar reasons: The Civil Sphere addresses big and important questions about freedom, inequality, and solidarity."--Chad Goldberg, Sociological Quarterly "All sociologists, social scientists or writers probably nurture some secret ambition of writing a mega book that will immortalize them by its originality, the persuasiveness of arguments, impact, or its sheer size. For Jeffrey Alexander this is it. A magisterial book, a contribution to social theory that will be talked about, criticized and never overlooked."--Asian Journal of Social Science "The Civil Sphere is ... rich in its empirical descriptions and resourceful and suggestive in terms of its conceptual and theoretical framework. The book will challenge and shape the discussions in cultural sociology for many years to come."--Cultural Sociology "From the point of view of contemporary sociology, one of its most distinctive and welcome features is its judicious use of sociological theory and data to advance a particular vision of justice. As such it is a book about the need to place justice at the centre of the sociological enterprise. From the point of view of contemporary critical social theory, one of its most distinctive and welcome features is its insistence that good social theories have a disclosing power that is practically efficacious. As such it is also a book about the illuminating power of theory. Its most significant contribution, however, is its presentation of a strong vision of civil society and the case it makes for taking up the project of civil repair. By arguing persuasively that the civil sphere is a great achievement of Western modernity, and by encouraging us to work towards its realization, the book itself is a remarkable achievement."--Philosophy and Social Criticisms "The Civil Sphere is a major work that is going to change the state of the debate in many fields ... It aims to provide a new theory of contemporary society, based on a new interpretation of solidarity [that] is a radical challenge to political economy."--European Journal of Social Theory "A tour de force of sociology, political science, and philosophy, [its] repercussions might be felt for decades to come ... This is a book worth reading by both social scientists and the general public, for its persuasiveness can inspire us to imagine that another world is possible"--Mediterranean Quarterly "All sociologists, social scientists or writers probably nurture some secret ambition of writing a mega book that will immortalize them by its originality, the persuasiveness of arguments, impact, or its sheer size. For Jeffrey Alexander, this is it. A magisterial book, a contribution to social theory that will be talked about, criticized and never overlooked."--Asian Journal of Social Science "Jeffrey Alexander's The Civil Sphere is nothing less than an attempt to create a new theory of civil society for the 21st century through an almost equally ambitious attempt to reground the discipline of sociology."--Journal of Communication "A major work of cultural and political sociology, exploring the possibilities of civility as action and civil sphere as a public domain ... The Civil Sphere can taken as conclusive evidence that sociology is alive and well, and more importantly relevant to modern social action."--Citizenship Studies "The Civil Sphere is the best book in sociology that I have read in many years ... It will find its place on the shelf with the other great classics of sociology. [A] great work."--Perspectives: Newsletter of the Theory Section of the American Sociological Association "The book is an exercise in forging theory as a tool for democratic practice."--Thesis Eleven "Arguably the most probing and insightful examination of civil society in America since Tocqueville's Democracy in America. He offers a penetrating and original causal interpretation of the success of the Civil Rights Movement, and addresses with understanding and fresh perspective the question of Jewish assimilation in post-civil rights America. Alexander's long awaited book establishes a new benchmark for cultural sociology and social theory with its rigorous theoretical and historical analysis of transformative societal change."--Victor Nee, Goldwin Smith Professor of Sociology, Cornell University "Jeffrey Alexander's The Civil Sphere is the most important, effective, and readable book in his distinguished career. A powerful and provocative account of civil society, this brilliant piece of theorizing is fueled by an expansive moral vision. Alexander punctures the overblown claims of other thinkers both left and right, and stunningly combines theoretical vigor with a subtle, becoming humility in the face of the best achievements and most compelling aspirations of the civil sphere."--Michael Schudson, Professor of Communication, University of California at San Diego "An original portrait of civil society which addresses issues which must be addressed if we are to live in peace with those unlike ourselves. The Civil Sphere is remarkable for its clarity and depth of exposition. All readers will benefit from Alexander's ideas: he does not try to batter the reader into submission; instead, he embodies the very ideal of civil society, by inviting the reader to argue with him. In sum, an extraordinary and necessary book."--Richard Sennett, Professor of Sociology, The London School of Economics "This is a Herculean labor in which Alexander not only deconstructs the discourse of 'civil society' but reevaluates the entire tradition of political and social thought which attempted to establish, justify, and actualize this abstract idea."--Hayden White, Professor Emeritus of the History of Consciousness, University of California "Long recognized as one of the world's foremost intellects, in The Civil Sphere Jeffrey Alexander delivers a masterpiece. In this breathtakingly erudite tour of literature, history, philosophy, and social science scholarship, from Hannah Arendt to Woody Allen, Alexander takes on in a single volume both foundational questions of the human condition and the political exigencies of our day. The result is a book that will wholly transform the conceptual landscape; from this point forward we will recognize that the civil sphere's potential for social justice can only be an ongoing project, never a finished achievement."--Margaret R. Somers, Professor of Sociology, University of Michigan "The Civil Sphere is at once an energizing ideal for democratic society, and a source of violations of its own ethos. Jeffrey Alexander's well-argued book identifies this crucial level on which liberal democratic societies must operate and offers an insightful and non-reductive account of the struggles against such violations, for what he calls 'civil repair'. He provides fascinating analyses, among other events, of the civil rights movements, and of modern anti-Semitism."--Charles Taylor, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, McGill University "The Civil Sphere offers grand theorizing in ways that remind us of both what we are and what we can be. Jeffrey Alexander offers sociology at least a place from which it may begin again."--The New Republic "The Civil Sphere is [a] crowning achievement ... that masterfully reconnects the normative and the empirical in ways that fill an important gap in our cultural discourse today ... A work of great importance, an enduring contribution to the literature on civil society and democracy. Its influence will be felt in political, cultural, and theoretical sociology for decades to come."--American Journal of Sociology "A genuine masterpiece ... America's best, and best-known, social theorist defends the project of civil society and its utopia of democratic inclusion--not only as an ideal, but also as an idea, which is already partly institutionalized."--Constellations "This subtle and hugely informative work ... offers not only acute theoretical discussion of the civil society concept, but also generous and expansive accounts of social movements of race and gender, and the theory and practice of multiculturalism and assimilation (two chapters on the Jewish experience are especially compelling)."--Contemporary Sociology The Civil Sphere offers a bold and original thesis about the critically important role that civil societies play in Western democracies. Although I will challenge Alexander's thesis, it is important to state at the outset that The Civil Sphere is a valuable book packed with rich social histories, lively engagements with ancient and contemporary theories, and novel interpretations. There is much to be learned here about the historic and sociological nature of racial, gender, and ethnic oppressions, and the struggles waged to over throw them."--Aldon Morris, Sociological Quarterly "The Civil Sphere is truly a masterful and groundbreaking work, the rare and ambitious kind that does not just contribute to one of the many ongoing conversations in sociology, but brings them together and reorients them. It will undoubtedly confirm and reinforce Jeffrey Alexander's reputation as one of the foremost sociological theorists of our day. Indeed, reading The Civil Sphere generated the same sense of intellectual excitement that I experienced the first time I read Durkheim or Weber or Habermas--and for similar reasons: The Civil Sphere addresses big and important questions about freedom, inequality, and solidarity."--Chad Goldberg, Sociological Quarterly "The Civil Sphere is... rich in its empirical descriptions and resourceful and suggestive in terms of its conceptual and theoretical framework. The book will challenge and shape the discussions in cultural sociology for many years to come."--Cultural Sociology "From the point of view of contemporary sociology, one of its most distinctive and welcome features is its judicious use of sociological theory and data to advance a particular vision of justice. As such it is a book about the need to place justice at the centre of the sociological enterprise. From the point of view of contemporary critical social theory, one of its most distinctive and welcome features is its insistence that good social theories have a disclosing power that is practically efficacious. As such it is also a book about the illuminating power of theory. Its most significant contribution, however, is its presentation of a strong vision of civil society and the case it makes for taking up the project of civil repair. By arguing persuasively that the civil sphere is a great achievement of Western modernity, and by encouraging us to work towards its realization, the book itself is a remarkable achievement."--Philosophy and Social Criticisms "The Civil Sphere is a major work that is going to change the state of the debate in many fields ... It aims to provide a new theory of contemporary society, based on a new interpretation of solidarity [that] is a radical challenge to political economy."--European Journal of Social Theory "A tour de force of sociology, political science, and philosophy, [its] repercussions might be felt for decades to come... This is a book worth reading by both social scientists and the general public, for its persuasiveness can inspire us to imagine that another world is possible"--Mediterranean Quarterly "All sociologists, social scientists or writers probably nurture some secret ambition of writing a mega book that will immortalize them by its originality, the persuasiveness of arguments, impact, or its sheer size. For Jeffrey Alexander, this is it. A magisterial book, a contribution to social theory that will be talked about, criticized and never overlooked."--Asian Journal of Social Science "Jeffrey Alexander's The Civil Sphere is nothing less than an attempt to create a new theory of civil society for the 21st century through an almost equally ambitious attempt to reground the discipline of sociology."--Journal of Communication "A major work of cultural and political sociology, exploring the possibilities of civility as action and civil sphere as a public domain ... The Civil Sphere can taken as conclusive evidence that sociology is alive and well, and more importantly relevant to modern social action."--Citizenship Studies "The Civil Sphere is the best book in sociology that I have read in many years ... It will find its place on the shelf with the other great classics of sociology. [A] great work."--Perspectives: Newsletter of the Theory Section of the American Sociological Association "The book is an exercise in forging theory as a tool for democratic practice."--Thesis Eleven "Arguably the most probing and insightful examination of civil society in America since Tocqueville's Democracy in America. He offers a penetrating and original causal interpretation of the success of the Civil Rights Movement, and addresses with understanding and fresh perspective the question of Jewish assimilation in post-civil rights America. Alexander's long awaited book establishes a new benchmark for cultural sociology and social theory with its rigorous theoretical and historical analysis of transformative societal change."--Victor Nee, Goldwin Smith Professor of Sociology, Cornell University "Jeffrey Alexander's The Civil Sphere is the most important, effective, and readable book in his distinguished career. A powerful and provocative account of civil society, this brilliant piece of theorizing is fueled by an expansive moral vision. Alexander punctures the overblown claims of other thinkers both left and right, and stunningly combines theoretical vigor with a subtle, becoming humility in the face of the best achievements and most compelling aspirations of the civil sphere."--Michael Schudson, Professor of Communication, University of California at San Diego "An original portrait of civil society which addresses issues which must be addressed if we are to live in peace with those unlike ourselves. The Civil Sphere is remarkable for its clarity and depth of exposition. All readers will benefit from Alexander's ideas: he does not try to batter the reader into submission; instead, he embodies the very ideal of civil society, by inviting the reader to argue with him. In sum, an extraordinary and necessary book."--Richard Sennett, Professor of Sociology, The London School of Economics "This is a Herculean labor in which Alexander not only deconstructs the discourse of 'civil society' but reevaluates the entire tradition of political and social thought which attempted to establish, justify, and actualize this abstract idea."--Hayden White, Professor Emeritus of the History of Consciousness, University of California "Long recognized as one of the world's foremost intellects, in The Civil Sphere Jeffrey Alexander delivers a masterpiece. In this breathtakingly erudite tour of literature, history, philosophy, and social science scholarship, from Hannah Arendt to Woody Allen, Alexander takes on in a single volume both foundational questions of the human condition and the political exigencies of our day. The result is a book that will wholly transform the conceptual landscape; from this point forward we will recognize that the civil sphere's potential for social justice can only be an ongoing project, never a finished achievement."--Margaret R. Somers, Professor of Sociology, University of Michigan "The Civil Sphere is at once an energizing ideal for democratic society, and a source of violations of its own ethos. Jeffrey Alexander's well-argued book identifies this crucial level on which liberal democratic societies must operate and offers an insightful and non-reductive account of the struggles against such violations, for what he calls 'civil repair'. He provides fascinating analyses, among other events, of the civil rights movements, and of modern anti-Semitism."--Charles Taylor, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy, McGill University