Logic

For more than twenty years, introductory logic students have relied on this text to provide clear lessons as well as practical applications of the discipline. Robert Baum emphasizes formal logic and utilizes such elements of popular culture as cartoons and advertisements to illustrate technical concepts. Logic, 4/e addresses all the basic concepts, including informal analysis of statements, arguments, Aristotelian logic, propositional logic, quantificational logic, enumerative induction, the scientific method, probability, informal fallacies, definitions, and applied logic. As with previous editions, Logic, 4/e is extremely flexible--most of the chapters can be included or excluded from a particular course depending on the goals of the course and the time available. This fourth edition features hundreds of additional exercises throughout.

Table of Contents:
Introduction 1.1: The Value and Uses of Logic 1.2: What Can Be Learned about Logic and How Can It Be Learned? 1.3: Logic versus Psychology 1.4: The Organization of This Book Chapter 1: Informal Analysis of Statements 1.1: Sentences 1.2: Cognitive and Noncognitive Uses of Sentences 1.3: Statements 1.4: Recognizing Sentences Used to Express Statements 1.5: Self-Evident and Supported Statements 1.6: Logical Relationships between Two (or More) Propositions 1.7: Consistency 1.8: Real versus Apparent Disagreements 1.9: Verbal Disagreements 1.10: Implication 1.11: Logical Equivalence 1.12: Independence Chapter 2: Informal Analysis of Arguments 2.1: Inferences and Arguments 2.2: The Logical Sense of "Argument" 2.3: Premises and Conclusions 2.4: Problems in Recognizing Intended Arguments 2.5: Supplying Missing Statements 2.6: Deductive and Inductive Arguments 2.7: Criteria for Good Arguments 2.8: Dealing with Enthymemes 2.9: Complex Argument Structures 2.10: Analyzing Sample Arguments 2.11: Some Basic Elements of Argument Analysis Chapter 3: Aristotelian Logic: Statements 3.1: Categorical Statements 3.2: Abbreviations 3.3: Schemas 3.4: Venn Diagrams and Categorical Statements 3.5: Logical Relations between Categorical Propositions 3.6: Immediate Inferences 3.7: The Traditional Square of Opposition 3.8: The Boolean Interpretation Chapter 4: Aristotelian Logic: Arguments 4.1: The Categorical Syllogism 4.2: Standard-Form Syllogisms 4.3: Mood and Figure 4.4: Testing the Validity of Syllogisms 4.5: Testing by Counterexamples 4.6: Testing with Venn Diagrams 4.7: Testing by Rules 4.8: The Boolean Interpretation 4.9: Syllogistic Arguments in Ordinary Language Chapter 5: Propositional Logic: Statements 5.1: Compound Propositions and Logical Operators 5.2: Truth-Functional Operators 5.3: Propositional Abbreviations and Schemas 5.4: Conjunction 5.5: Truth Tables 5.6: Negation 5.7: Disjunction 5.8: Material Implication 5.9: Material Equivalence 5.10: Propositions with More Than One Logical Operator 5.11: Truth Table Construction 5.12: Logically Equivalent Statements 5.13: Logical Equivalence and Material Equivalence 5.14: Tautologies 5.15: Contradictions 5.16: Contingent Statements Chapter 6: Propositional Logic: Arguments 6.1: Truth-Functional Validity 6.2: Contradictory Premises and Tautological Conclusions 6.3: Abbreviating Truth-Functional Arguments 6.4: Schematizing Truth-Functional Arguments 6.5: Testing Validity by Truth Tables 6.6: The Short Truth Table Method 6.7: Truth-Functional Arguments and Corresponding Conditionals 6.8: The Propositional Calculus 6.9: Constructing a Formal Proof 6.10: Inference Rules 6.11: Rules of Thumb for Proof Construction 6.12: The Rule of Rigor 6.13: The Replacement Rule 6.14: Conditions of Proof 6.15: Indirect Proof 6.16: Deductive Completeness Chapter 7: Quantificational Logic: Statements 7.1: Predicates and Individuals 7.2: Variables and Constants 7.3: Compound Propositions 7.4: Existential Quantifiers 7.5: Universal Quantifiers 7.6: Negation and Quantifier Exchange 7.7: Multiple Quantifiers Chapter 8: Quantificational Logic: Arguments 8.1: Universal Instantiation 8.2: Existential Generalization 8.3: Existential Instantiation 8.4: Universal Generalization Chapter 9: Inductive Arguments 9.1: Enumerative Inductions 9.2: Relative Strength of Enumerative Inductions 9.3: The Possible Elimination of Inductions by Analogy 9.4: Statistical Inductions Chapter 10: Scientific Method 10.1: The Hypothetico-Deductive Method 10.2: Hypothetic-Deductive Method and Inductive Generalization 10.3: Crucial Experiments 10.4: Scientific Method 10.5: Causal Explanations 10.6: Kinds of Cause 10.7: Mill's Method 10.8: Replicability and Controls 10.9: The Role of Logic in Science Chapter 11: Probability 11.1: Some Basic Terminology 11.2: Two General Principles of Probability 11.3: Three Theories of Probability 11.4: Independent and Mutually Exclusive Outcomes 11.5: The Probability Calculus Chapter 12: Informal Fallacies 12.1: Disguised Nonarguments 12.2: Valid but Fallacious Arguments 12.3: Other Informal Fallacies Chapter 13: Definitions 13.1: Kinds of Definitions 13.2: Uses of Definitions 13.3: Criteria for Good Definitions Chapter 14: Applied Logic 14.1: Burden of Proof 14.2: The Principle of Induction 14.3: Choosing the Appropriate System Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises Index