Bioethics: Principles, Issues, and Cases

Bioethics: Principles, Issues, and Cases, Fourth Edition, explores the philosophical, medical, social, and legal aspects of key bioethical issues. Opening with a thorough introduction to ethics, bioethics, and moral reasoning, it then covers influential moral theories and the criteria for evaluating them. Integrating eighty-seven readings--ten of them new to this edition--substantive introductions to each issue, numerous classic bioethical cases, and abundant pedagogical tools, this text addresses the most provocative and controversial topics in bioethics.

Table of Contents:
*=New to this Edition Preface PART 1. PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES Chapter 1. Moral Reasoning in Bioethics Ethics and Bioethics Ethics and the Moral Life In Depth: Morality and the Law Moral Principles in Bioethics Autonomy Nonmaleficence Beneficence Utility Justice Ethical Relativism In Depth: Anthropology and Moral Diversity Ethics and Religion Moral Arguments Argument Fundamentals Patterns of Moral Arguments Review: Valid and Invalid Argument Forms In Depth: Fallacies in Moral Reasoning Evaluating Premises Assessing Whole Arguments Key Terms Summary Argument Exercises Further Reading Notes Chapter 2. Bioethics and Moral Theories The Nature of Moral Theories Influential Moral Theories Utilitarianism In Depth: Utilitarianism and the Golden Rule Kantian Ethics * Principlism Natural Law Theory Rawls' Contract Theory Virtue Ethics In Depth: Can Virtue Be Taught? The Ethics of Care Feminist Ethics Casuistry Criteria for Judging Moral Theories Review: Evaluating Moral Theories: Criteria of Adequacy Applying the Criteria Utilitarianism Kant's Theory Key Terms Summary Further Reading Notes Readings "Utilitarianism," John Stuart Mill "The Moral Law," Immanuel Kant * Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle * "Caring," Nel Noddings * "The Need for More Than Justice," Annette C. Baier "Moral Saints," Susan Wolf PART 2. MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL AND PATIENT Chapter 3. Paternalism and Patient Autonomy Shades of Autonomy and Paternalism Refusing Treatment In Depth: The Hippocratic Oath In Depth: Physician Autonomy * Legal Brief: Advance Directives Futile Treatment Legal Brief: Refusing Treatment for Children on Religious Grounds In Depth: CPR and DNR In Depth: Moral Conflicts in Nursing Classic Case File: Elizabeth Bouvia Applying Major Theories Key Terms Summary Cases for Evaluation Further Reading Notes Readings "Paternalism," Gerald Dworkin "The Refutation of Medical Paternalism," Alan Goldman "Why Doctors Should Intervene," Terrence F. Ackerman "Autonomy, Futility, and the Limits of Medicine," Robert L. Schwartz * "Four Models of the Physician-Patient Relationship," Ezekiel J. Emanuel and Linda L. Emanuel "Patient Autonomy and Physician Responsibility," Commentaries by Patrick C. Beeman and Ryan C. VanWoerkom * "Confronting Death: Who Chooses, Who Controls? "A Dialogue Between Dax Cowart And Robert Burt Bouvia v. Superior Court, California Court of Appeal "Fundamental Elements of the Patient-Physician Relationship," AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs "Advocacy or Subservience for the Sake of Patients?" Helga Kuhse * "Paternalism Revisited," Harriet Hall Chapter 4. Truth-Telling and Confidentiality Paternalism and Deception In Depth: Do Patients Want the Truth? Do Physicians Tell It? Confidential Truths Legal Brief: Confidentiality and a Duty to Warn In Depth: Truth-Telling and Cultural Diversity Classic Case File: Carlos R. Applying Major Theories Key Terms Summary Cases for Evaluation Further Reading Notes Readings "Telling the Truth to Patients: A Clinical Ethics Exploration," David C. Thomasma "On Telling Patients the Truth," Mack Lipkin "Is It Ever OK to Lie to Patients?," Shelly K. Schwartz "Respect for Patients, Physicians, and the Truth," Susan Cullen and Margaret Klein "Why Privacy Is Important," James Rachels "Confidentiality in Medicine--A Decrepit Concept," Mark Siegler "Ethical Relativism in a Multicultural Society," Ruth Macklin Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, Supreme Court of California Chapter 5. Informed Consent Autonomy and Consent Conditions of Informed Consent In Depth: Decision-Making Capacity In Depth: Two Views of Informed Consent Legal Brief: Important Informed Consent Cases Applying Major Theories Classic Case File: Jerry Canterbury Key Terms Summary Cases for Evaluation Further Reading Notes Readings "The Concept of Informed Consent," Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp "Informed Consent--Must It Remain a Fairy Tale?" Jay Katz "Transparency: Informed Consent in Primary Care," Howard Brody "Informed Consent: Some Challenges to the Universal Validity of the Western Model," Robert J. Levine Canterbury v. Spence, United States Court of Appeals CHAPTER 6. Human Research The Science of Clinical Trials In Depth: The Tuskegee Tragedy Beneficence, Science, and Placebos Science and Informed Consent In Depth: Women in Clinical Trials Research on the Vulnerable In Depth: Why Enter a Clinical Trial? Applying Major Theories Key Terms Summary Classic Case File: The UCLA Schizophrenia Study Cases for Evaluation Further Reading Notes Readings The Nuremberg Code Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, World Medical Association "The Belmont Report," The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research "Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments," Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments "Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial," Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman "A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients," Benjamin Freedman "Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study," Allan M. Brandt * "Is It Time to Stop Using Race in Medical Research?" Angus Chen "The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World," Marcia Angell "Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials in Developing Countries," Baruch Brody PART 3. LIFE AND DEATH Chapter 7. Abortion Starting Point: The Basics Fact File: U.S. Abortions In Depth: Abortion and Public Opinion 2017 The Legal Struggle In Depth: Late-Term Abortion Persons and Rights In Depth: Does a Fetus Feel Pain? Applying Major Theories Key Terms Summary Classic Case File: Nancy Klein Cases for Evaluation Further Reading Notes Readings "A Defense of Abortion," Judith Jarvis Thomson "Why Abortion Is Immoral," Don Marquis "An Almost Absolute Value in History," John T. Noonan, Jr. "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion," Mary Anne Warren "Virtue Theory and Abortion," Rosalind Hursthouse "Abortion and the Concept of a Person," Jane English "Abortion," Margaret Olivia Little "Abortion Through a Feminist Ethics Lens," Susan Sherwin Roe v. Wade, United States Supreme Court Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, United States Supreme Court Chapter 8. Reproductive Technology In Vitro Fertilization Fact File: Assisted Reproduction Surrogacy In Depth: IVF and Children's Future Children Cloning In Depth: Cloning Time Line Applying Major Theories In Depth: Sherri Shepherd: How Surrogacy Can Go Wrong Key Terms Summary Classic Case File: Baby M Cases for Evaluation Further Reading Notes Readings "IVF: The Simple Case," Peter Singer "IVF and Women's Interests: An Analysis of Feminist Concerns," Mary Anne Warren "'Give Me Children or I Shall Die!' New Reproductive Technologies and Harm to Children," Cynthia B. Cohen "Instruction on Respect for Human Life in Its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation," Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith "The Presumptive Primacy of Procreative Liberty," John A. Robertson "Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment?" Laura M. Purdy "Is Women's Labor a Commodity?" Elizabeth S. Anderson "Egg Donation and Commodification," Bonnie Steinbock "The Wisdom of Repugnance," Leon R. Kass "Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con," Dan W. Brock CHAPTER 9. Genetic Choices Genes and Genomes Genetic Testing In Depth: Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Tests Gene Therapy Fact File: Available Genetic Tests for Cancer Risk Fact File: Recent Research in Gene Therapy Stem Cells Applying Major Theories Classic Case File: The Kingsburys Key Terms Summary Cases for Evaluation Further Reading Notes Readings "Implications of Prenatal Diagnosis for the Human Right to Life," Leon R. Kass "Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral?" Laura M. Purdy "The Morality of Screening for Disability," Jeff McMahan "Genetic Dilemmas and the Child's Right to an Open Future," Dena S. Davis "Disowning Knowledge: Issues in Genetic Testing," Robert Wachbroit "The Non-Identity Problem and Genetic Harms--The Case of Wrongful Handicaps," Dan W. Brock "Is Gene Therapy a Form of Eugenics?" John Harris "Genetic Enhancement," Walter Glannon "Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings," Julian Savulescu "Germ-Line Gene Therapy," LeRoy Walters and Julie Gage Palmer "What Does 'Respect for Embryos' Mean in the Context of Stem Cell Research?" Bonnie Steinbock Declaration on the Production and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Pontifical Academy for Life Chapter 10. Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide Deciding Life and Death Legal Brief: Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Major Developments In Depth: Assisted Suicide: What Do Doctors Think? Autonomy, Mercy, and Harm In Depth: Oregon's Death With Dignity Act * In Depth: End-Of-Life Decisions in the Netherlands Applying Major Theories In Depth: Physician-Assisted Suicide and Public Opinion Classic Case File: Nancy Cruzan Key Terms Summary Cases for Evaluation Further Reading Notes Readings "Death and Dignity: A Case of Individualized Decision Making," Timothy E. Quill "Voluntary Active Euthanasia," Dan W. Brock "When Self-Determination Runs Amok," Daniel Callahan "Physician-Assisted Suicide: A Tragic View," John D. Arras "Active and Passive Euthanasia," James Rachels "Dying at the Right Time: Reflections on (Un)Assisted Suicide," John Hardwig "The Philosophers' Brief," Ronald Dworkin, Thomas Nagel, Robert Nozick, John Rawls, Thomas Scanlon, and Judith Jarvis Thomson * "Legalizing Assisted Dying Is Dangerous for Disabled People," Liz Carr * "For Now Have I My Death'': The 'Duty to Die' Versus the Duty to Help the Issue Stay Alive," Felicia Ackerman Vacco v. Quill, United States Supreme Court PART 4. JUSTICE AND HEALTH CARE Chapter 11. Dividing up Health Care Resources Health Care in Trouble In Depth: Unequal Health Care for Minorities Fact File: U.S. Health Care Theories of Justice * In Depth: Comparing Health Care Systems: United States, Canada, and Germany * Fact File: Poll: The Public's Views on the ACA ("Obamacare") A Right to Health Care In Depth: Public Health and Bioethics The Ethics of Rationing Classic Case File: Christine deMeurers Key Terms Summary Cases for Evaluation Further Reading Notes Readings "Is There a Right to Health Care and, if So, What Does It Encompass?" Norman Daniels "The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care," Allen E. Buchanan "Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude," H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr. * "Mirror, Mirror 2017: International Comparison Reflects Flaws and Opportunities for Better U.S. Health Care," Eric C. Schneider, Dana O. Sarnak, David Squires, et al. "Public Health Ethics: Mapping the Terrain," James F. Childress et al. "Human Rights Approach to Public Health Policy," D. Tarantola and S. Gruskin Appendix Glossary Index

About the Author :
Lewis Vaughn is the author or coauthor of several textbooks, including The Power of Critical Thinking, Sixth Edition (2018), Philosophy Here and Now, Third Edition (2018), Writing Philosophy, Second Edition (2018), and Living Philosophy, Second Edition (2017).

Review :
"Vaughn's Bioethics is the best product on the market. It offers an excellent variety of essays on a broad range of topics, provides excellent supplementary information on each of the topics, and does so at a cost about half that of its competitors."--David Paul, Western Michigan University "When I think of getting bang for the students' bucks, I think of Vaughn's book."--Joseph Farrell, Loyola University Maryland "I have been very pleased with the student learning that Bioethics has helped facilitate. Students seem to have much better comprehension of this foundational material when using Vaughn's book."--Jennifer R. Hoheisel, Camden County College