About the Book
In 1912 the United States sent troops into a Nicaraguan civil war, solidifying a decades-long era of military occupations in Latin America driven by the desire to rewrite the political rules of the hemisphere. In this definitive account of the resistance to the three longest occupations-in Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic-Alan McPherson analyzes these events from the perspective of the invaded themselves, showing why people resisted and why the troops
eventually left.
Confronting the assumption that nationalism primarily drove resistance, McPherson finds more concrete-yet also more passionate-motivations: hatred for the
brutality of the marines, fear of losing land, outrage at cultural impositions, and thirst for political power. These motivations blended into a potent mix of anger and resentment among both rural and urban occupied populations. Rejecting the view that Washington withdrew from Latin American occupations for moral reasons, McPherson details how the invaded forced the Yankees to leave, underscoring day-to-day resistance and the transnational network that linked New York, Havana, Mexico City, and
other cities. Political culture, he argues, mattered more than military or economic motives, as U.S. marines were determined to transform political values and occupied peoples fought to conserve them.
Occupiers tried to speed up the modernization and centralization of these poor, rural societies and, ironically, to build nationalism where they found it lacking.
Based on rarely seen documents in three languages and five countries, this lively narrative recasts the very nature of occupation as a colossal tragedy, doomed from the outset to fail. In doing so, it offers broad lessons for today's invaders and invaded.
Table of Contents:
Acknowledgments Introduction: Occupation: Why Fight It? Part I: Intervention Resistance 1. Nicaragua, 1912 2. Haiti, 1915 3. The Dominican Republic, 1916 Part II: Occupation Resistance
4. Nicaragua, 1913-1925 5. Haiti, 1916-1920 6. The Dominican Republic, 1917-1921 7. Nicaragua, 1927-1929 8. Brambles and Thorns Part III: The Stakes
9. Cultures of Resistance 10. Politics of Resistance Part IV: Transnational Networks and U.S. Withdrawals
11. U.S. Responses, Haitian Setbacks, and Dominican Withdrawal, 1919-1924 12. The Americas against Occupation, 1927-1932 13. Nicaraguan Withdrawals, 1925-1934 14. Haitian Withdrawal, 1929-1934 Conclusion: Lessons of Occupation Notes
Bibliography Index
About the Author :
Alan McPherson is Professor of International and Area Studies, ConocoPhillips Petroleum Chair in Latin American Studies, and Director of the Center for the Americas, University of Oklahoma. He is the author of the prizewinning Yankee No! Anti-Americanism in U.S.-Latin American Relations and of Intimate Ties, Bitter Struggles: The United States and Latin America since 1945, and editor of Anti-Americanism in Latin America and
the Caribbean, co-editor of The Anti-American Century, and editor of The Encyclopedia of US Military Interventions in Latin America.
Review :
"The research for The Invaded is impressive in scope and depth....[McPherson] mined [archives, oral history collections, and various primary and seconday] sources for information, participant anecdotes, and colorful perspectives....This book will enlighten scholars and students looking to understand US involvement in the Caribbean area."--T. Schoonover, Hispanic American Historical Review
"Successive generations of scholars from different fields have written on the U.S. interventions and occupation in the Caribbean and Central America in the heyday of U.S. empire in the early twentieth century. Alan McPherson's contribution to this genre stands far above the rest. Using a broad array of sources, McPherson has given us a model study of three occupations from the era, in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua, and brings to center stage the
story of the motives, makeup, and successes of who resisted these occupations."--Lester D. Langley, author of The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898-1934
"The Invaded offers a careful, sophisticated, and relevant analysis of American occupation efforts in the Western Hemisphere during the first half of the twentieth century. Alan McPherson shows that native resistance aimed at preserving independence undermined American ambitions, forcing the withdrawal of U.S. soldiers. This is a book that everyone interested in modern warfare, diplomacy, and counterinsurgency should read. Twenty-first century American
experiences in the Middle East echo this compelling history of Latin America a century earlier."--Jeremi Suri, author of 'Libertys Surest Guardian: American Nation-Building from the Founders to Obama
"Alan McPherson's outstanding new book does much more than chart the sweeping impact of the major U.S. occupations in the Caribbean. It also does more than remind us vividly and in greater detail of some of what we already knew about the conduct of those occupations....McPherson's book is not merely a breathtaking compendium of evidence about the sordid nature of the occupations drawn from sources from five countries in three languages. It also benefits from
his rare ability to engage in historical comparison through multinational research and deep knowledge of more than one country."--Max Paul Friedman, ReVista
"For this reviewer, The Invaded was an eye opener, and forecasts much of what has happened in the world since that time. The book is highly recommended for people who are examining geopolitical events now and in the twentieth century, and who hope that the past does not predict the future. Latin Americanists, particularly those hailing from the U.S., would do well to at least understand the contours of the many political geographies seen through the
critical lens that McPherson casts. Readers will take away lessons that can challenge any reincarnation of a newly spun Monroe Doctrine in the new millennium."--Journal of Latin American Geography
"[A]n important contribution to the limited historiography on U.S. occupations."--The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
"Timely and indispensable....As most studies of occupations by definition focus on the occupier, McPherson refreshingly tells much of the story through the 'eyes of the invaded....The Invaded shows the reader how new technologies and media allowed guerrilla foes to fight back in the court of public opinion. McPherson believes these American occupations and the propaganda campaigns of the invaded sparked international solidarity movements that were as central to
the struggle as the armed insurgents themselves."--The American Interest
"Like the best international histories, McPherson mines an impressive array of sources to chart endogenous and exogenous factors that influenced the arc and scope of the occupations. He convincingly proves that in each case the intervention proved costly in human and fiscal terms, and that each failed in its efforts to bring about what we today call 'regime change,' in part because the Marines and diplomats were not infrequently at cross
purposes."--American Historical Review
"Alan McPherson has produced a unique contribution to the literature on U.S. Latin American relations. Viewing this work in relationship to his previous scholarship, it is easy to conclude that he has become the foremost young scholar in the field.This book should be required reading for any policymaker, U.S. or other, contemplating military intervention and occupation, and that is high praise indeed."--H-Diplo Roundtable
