About the Book
When we encounter a text, whether ancient or modern, we typically start at the beginning and work our way toward the end. In Tracking the Master Scribe, Sara J. Milstein demonstrates that for biblical and Mesopotamian literature, this habit can yield misleading results.
In the ancient Near East, "master scribes"--those who had the authority to produce and revise literature--regularly modified their texts in the course of transmission. One of the most effective techniques for change was to add something to the front--what Milstein calls "revision through introduction." This method allowed scribes to preserve their received material while simultaneously recasting it. As a result, numerous biblical and Mesopotamian texts manifest multiple and even competing viewpoints. Due to the primary position of these additions, such reworked texts are often read solely through the lens of their final contributions. This is true not only for biblical and cuneiform texts in their final forms, but also for Mesopotamian texts that are known from multiple versions: first impressions carry weight.
Rather than "nail down every piece of the puzzle," Tracking the Master Scribe demonstrates what is to be gained when engaging questions of textual transmission with attention to how scribes actually worked. Working from the two earliest corpora that allow us to track large-scale change, the book provides broad overviews of evidence available for revision through introduction, as well as a set of detailed case studies that offer fresh insight into well-known biblical and Mesopotamian literary texts. The result is the first comprehensive and comparative profile of this key scribal method: one that was not only ubiquitous in the ancient Near East but also epitomizes the attitudes of the master scribes toward the literature that they produced.
Table of Contents:
Abbreviations
List of Figures
Preface
1. Spotlight on Method: (Revision through) Introduction
I. The Transmission of Mesopotamian Literature
Advantages and Limitations of the Mesopotamian Evidence
Assyriological Studies on Textual Change
II. The Transmission of Hebrew/Biblical Literature
Advantages and Limitations of the Hebrew/Biblical Evidence
Recent Evaluations of Scribal Methods and Hard Evidence in Biblical Studies
III. The Scope of Tracking the Master Scribe
The Case Studies
Terms, Aims, and Methodologies
2. "Evident" Cases of Revision through Introduction
I. Revision through Introduction in Mesopotamian Literature
a. The Sumerian King List
b. The Epic of Etana
II. Revision through Introduction in Hebrew/Biblical Literature
a. The Community Rule
b. The Books of Esther
III. Conclusions
3. A Second Wind: Revision through Introduction in Adapa
I. Back to Eridu: The Revision of Adapa in Akkadian
The Middle Babylonian Version of Adapa (Fragment B)
The Neo-Assyrian Version(s) of Adapa
Continuity and Discontinuity across the Akkadian Tradition
Fragments A and D: Expansion or Elimination?
II. Which Way the Wind Blows: From Adaba to Adapa
The Tell Haddad Version of Adapa
Continuity and Discontinuity between Tell Haddad and Fragment B
The Tell Haddad Introduction and "South Wind Ending": Addition or Elimination?
III. Conclusions
4. Surpassing All Versions: Revision through Introduction in the Gilgamesh Epic
I. The Akkadian Huwawa Narrative and the Emergence of the Epic
Competing Sets of Logic in the Old Babylonian Epic
The Epic Act of Revision through Introduction
II. Surpassing All Kings: The Ugarit and Standard Babylonian Prologues to the Gilgamesh Epic
The Middle Babylonian Prologue to Gilgamesh at Ugarit
Standard Babylonian I 1-28 and Its Contrasting Features
The Two Prologues as "Revision through Introduction"
III. Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld and Tablet XII of the Standard Babylonian Version
Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld and Tablet XII
Tablet XII and Its Relation to Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld
The Absence of GEN 1-171 in Tablet XII
IV. Conclusions, or One More Circuit around the Wall
5. Delusions of Grandeur: Revision through Introduction in Judges 6-9
I. The Early Abimelekh Account (Judges 9:26-54)
The Antiquity of Judges 9
The Independent Logic of Judges 9:26-54
II. The Early Gideon Account (Judges 8:4-21)
The Independent Logic of Judges 8:4-21
The Parallel Nature of the Old Gideon and Abimelekh Episodes
III. New Backdrops for the Gideon-Abimelekh Block: Judges 6:1-8:3
Judges 7:1-22: Yahweh to the Rescue!
Judges 6:25-32: A Yahwistic Etiology for "Jerubbaal"
IV. Conclusions
6. Echoes of Saul: Revision through Introduction in Judges 19-21, 1 Samuel 1, and 1 Samuel 11
I. Competing Sets of Logic in Judges 19-21
Contrasts between Judges 19:1-20:13 and Judges 20:14ff
The Composite Nature of Judges 21
II. Shiloh and Benjamin: Evidence for an "Old Saul Complex"
The Origins of 1 Samuel 1 as a Saul Birth Narrative
The Links between Judges 21:15-24 and 1 Samuel 1
III. The Old Saul Complex and Its Polemical Recasting
The Unexplained Markers of Judges 19
The Inclusion of 1 Samuel 11:1-11 in the "Saul Complex"
IV. Conclusions
7. The "Magic" of Beginnings (and Endings)
Works Cited
Index of Authors
Index of Primary Sources
Index of Subjects
About the Author :
Sara J. Milstein is Associate Professor of Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in the Department of Classical, Near Eastern, and Religious Studies at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
Review :
"Milstein's discussion of revision through introduction is an important addition to recent discussions of the literary history of ancient texts, especially since it is the first monograph devoted to revision through introduction, a scribal technique that obviously was used widely through the ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean world." -- Raymond Person, Ohio Northern University, Journal of the American Oriental Society
"In sum, this book is simply a piece of excellent scholarship." -- Hans Debel, KU Leuven , Louvain Studies
"In her careful and creative study, Milstein offers new evidence and insight, better preparing the reader to wrestle with ancient texts. At the same time, her evidence and insight shake the foundations we previously thought were firm, leaving us both closer and farther from her beloved and elusive scribes. Because of these and other reasons, Milstein's study is to be highly recommended, helping us to recalibrate our thinking and inviting the reader to follow
the path she has skillfully laid to see what treasures it yields."--Michael Hundley, Marginalia
"This is a well-written, exciting and programmatic book that makes a great read ... Strongly recommended as a stimulating example of the new wave of textual-historical scholarship." -- E. Tigchelaar, Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses
"[Milstein] does not claim that the observation regarding introductions itself is new, but that this is the first book-length study devoted to the subject. She wants to continue the historical-critical enterprise in general, but to do so with a greater understanding of the literary quality of the texts as well as to 'establish more controls for literary-historical analyses'. She brings her knowledge of two related textual corpora to bear, with good results. Her
two main ANE test cases are Adapa and the South Wind and Gilgamesh; the two biblical examples are taken from Judges 6-8 and 9. But before she studies these in depth she looks at other examples from a
variety of genres (lexical lists, legal texts, narratives) to show how widespread the phenomenon is. The book is a pleasure to read both for its content and its form. Anyone interested in the evolution of ANE texts including the Bible ought to read this book."--Jonathan Stökl, The Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
"There is much to commend in this book. For students looking for an exemplar in moving from the hard data of scribal studies to the interpretive light it provides, [Milstein] is worth emulating. Even when I disagreed with her, I found her observations noteworthy and her analysis stimulating."--Michael Seufert, Catholic Biblical Quarterly
"Tracking the Master Scribe powerfully represents a new frontier in the study of the formation of biblical and other Near Eastern texts. Drawing on impressive expertise in Assyriology and Biblical Studies, Milstein uses documented cases of textual growth to explore a specific way that scribes revised ancient texts: through adding new material at the beginnings of texts. This kind of specific, inter-disciplinary focus on a type of textual growth, along
with Milstein's restrained and thoughtful application of her results to analysis of biblical texts, is an example for subsequent studies to learn from and follow." --David Carr, Professor of Old
Testament/Hebrew Bible, Union Theological Seminary
"Sara Milstein takes her readers on a fascinating journey along traditions in motion. She demonstrates how ancient scribes have 'reduced, reused, and recycled' traditional narratives such as Adapa, Gilgamesh, Judges, and Samuel by fronting them with a new backstory. Just as the ancient scribes have given the old stories new readings and meanings by way of a revision through introduction, Milstein herself gives her reader a new lens through which the modern
reader can rediscover the well-known narratives. A must-read for anyone interested in ancient scribal culture and narrative traditions." --Martti Nissinen, Professor of Old Testament Studies, University
of Helsinki
"Sara Milstein probes the prefaces secondarily added to texts in the Hebrew Bible and in Mesopotamian literature. Her inquiry questions conventional wisdom about text production in the past. It opens up new ways to understand the scribal part in the transformation and reframing of tradition. Original, important, compelling." --Karel van der Toorn, author of Scribal Culture and the Making of the Hebrew Bible
"Adapa and Gilgamesh-two Mesopotamian heroes; Gideon and Abimelekh, Samuel and Saul-four stalwarts in biblical tales. . . these figures are not normally treated together; but under Sara Milstein's finely tuned and critically imaginative mind they are, because their tales had been outfitted with transformative beginnings. Her effort provides a stimulating perspective on how to think about ancient lore. Highly recommended to lovers of literature, ancient and
beyond." --Jack M. Sasson, Werthan Professor of Judaic and Biblical Literature (emeritus), Vanderbilt University
