ALL THE KNOWLEDGE YOU NEED TO BUILD CYBERSECURITY PROGRAMS AND POLICIES THAT WORK
Clearly presents best practices, governance frameworks, and key standards
Includes focused coverage of healthcare, finance, and PCI DSS compliance
An essential and invaluable guide for leaders, managers, and technical professionals
Today, cyberattacks can place entire organizations at risk. Cybersecurity can no longer be delegated to specialists: Success requires everyone to work together, from leaders on down. Developing Cybersecurity Programs and Policies in an AI-Driven World offers start-to-finish guidance for establishing effective cybersecurity in any organization. Drawing on more than two decades of real-world experience, Omar Santos presents realistic best practices for defining policy and governance, ensuring compliance, and collaborating to harden the entire organization.
Santos begins by outlining the process of formulating actionable cybersecurity policies and creating a governance framework to support these policies. He then delves into various aspects of risk management, including strategies for asset management and data loss prevention, illustrating how to integrate various organizational functions—from HR to physical security—to enhance overall protection. This book covers many case studies and best practices for safeguarding communications, operations, and access; alongside strategies for the responsible acquisition, development, and maintenance of technology. It also discusses effective responses to security incidents. Santos provides a detailed examination of compliance requirements in different sectors and the NIST Cybersecurity Framework.
LEARN HOW TO
- Establish cybersecurity policies and governance that serve your organization’s needs
- Integrate cybersecurity program components into a coherent framework for action
- Assess, prioritize, and manage security risk throughout the organization
- Manage assets and prevent data loss
- Work with HR to address human factors in cybersecurity
- Harden your facilities and physical environment
- Design effective policies for securing communications, operations, and access
- Strengthen security throughout AI-driven deployments
- Plan for quick, effective incident response and ensure business continuity
- Comply with rigorous regulations in finance and healthcare
- Learn about the NIST AI Risk Framework and how to protect AI implementations
- Explore and apply the guidance provided by the NIST Cybersecurity Framework
Table of Contents:
Introduction xviii
Chapter 1: Understanding Cybersecurity Policy and Governance 2
Information Security vs. Cybersecurity Policies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Looking at Policy Through the Ages.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Cybersecurity Policy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Cybersecurity Policy Life Cycle.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Chapter 2: Cybersecurity Policy Organization, Format, and Styles 46
Policy Hierarchy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Writing Style and Technique.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Plain Language Techniques for Policy Writing.. . . . . . . . . . 53
Policy Format.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Chapter 3: Cybersecurity Frameworks 80
Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
What Is a Cybersecurity Framework?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
NIST Cybersecurity Framework.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Chapter 4: Cloud Security 132
Why Cloud Computing?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Cloud Computing Models.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Cloud Governance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Multitenancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Core Components of the Cloud Computing Reference Architecture.. . . . . . 151
Key Concepts and Functional Layers of Cloud Computing. . . . . . . . . . 152
Understanding Top Cybersecurity Risks in Cloud Computing. . . . . . . . . 153
AI and the Cloud: Revolutionizing the Future of Computing.. . . . . . . . . . 166
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Chapter 5: Governance and Risk Management 176
Understanding Cybersecurity Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Cybersecurity Risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Chapter 6: Asset Management and Data Loss Prevention 220
Information Assets and Systems.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Information Classification.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Labeling and Handling Standards.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Information Systems Inventory.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Understanding Data Loss Prevention Technologies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Chapter 7: Human Resources Security and Education 256
The Employee Life Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
The Importance of Employee Agreements.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
The Importance of Security Education and Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Chapter 8: Physical and Environmental Security 290
Understanding the Secure Facility Layered Defense Model.. . . . . . . . . . 292
Protecting Equipment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Environmental Sustainability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Chapter 9: Cybersecurity Operations (CyberOps), Incident Response, Digital Forensics, and Threat Hunting 320
Incident Response.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
What Happened? Investigation and Evidence Handling.. . . . . . . . . . . 349
Understanding Threat Hunting.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Understanding Digital Forensic Analysis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Data Breach Notification Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Chapter 10: Access Control Management 384
Access Control Fundamentals.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Infrastructure Access Controls.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
User Access Controls.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Chapter 11: Supply Chain Security, Information Systems Acquisition, Development, and Maintenance 434
Strengthening the Links: A Deep Dive into Supply Chain Security.. . . . . . . 435
System Security Requirements.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Secure Code.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Cryptography.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Chapter 12: Business Continuity Management 474
Emergency Preparedness.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Business Continuity Risk Management.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
The Business Continuity Plan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery in Cloud Services.. . . . . . . . . 493
Plan Testing and Maintenance.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Chapter 13: Regulatory Compliance for Financial Institutions 514
The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
New York’s Department of Financial Services Cybersecurity Regulation.. . . . . 533
What Is a Regulatory Examination?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Personal and Corporate Identity Theft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Regulation of Fintech, Digital Assets, and Cryptocurrencies. . . . . . . . . . 540
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Chapter 14: Regulatory Compliance for the Health-care Sector 556
The HIPAA Security Rule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
The HITECH Act and the Omnibus Rule.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Understanding the HIPAA Compliance Enforcement Process. . . . . . . . . 586
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Chapter 15: PCI Compliance for Merchants 600
Protecting Cardholder Data.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
PCI Compliance.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Chapter 16: Privacy in an AI-Driven Landscape 634
Defining Privacy in the Digital Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
The Interplay Between AI and Privacy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA).. . . . 641
Data Protection Act 2018 in the United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Leveraging AI to Enhance Privacy Protections.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Chapter 17: Artificial Intelligence Governance and Regulations 652
The AI Double-Edged Sword.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Generative AI, LLMs, and Traditional Machine Learning Implementations. . . . 653
Introduction to AI Governance.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
The U.S. Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy
Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
The Importance of High Accuracy and Precision in AI Systems.. . . . . . . . 661
Explainable AI (XAI): Building Trust and Understanding.. . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Government and Society-wide Approaches to AI Governance.. . . . . . . . . 665
The EU AI Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Guidelines for Secure AI System Development.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
OWASP Top 10 Risks for LLM.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
MITRE ATLAS Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Summary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
Appendix A: Answers to the Multiple Choice Questions 696
978138074104, TOC, 6/18/2024
About the Author :
Omar Santos is a Distinguished Engineer at Cisco, focusing on artificial intelligence (AI) security, cybersecurity research, incident response, and vulnerability disclosure. He is a board member of the OASIS Open standards organization and the founder of OpenEoX. Omar’s collaborative efforts extend to numerous organizations, including the Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) and the Industry Consortium for Advancement of Security on the Internet (ICASI). Omar is the co-chair of the FIRST PSIRT Special Interest Group (SIG). Omar is the co-founder of the DEF CON Red Team Village and the chair of the Common Security Advisory Framework (CSAF) technical committee.
Omar is the author of more than 25 books, 21 video courses, and more than 50 academic research papers. He is a renowned expert in ethical hacking, vulnerability research, incident response, and AI security. He employs his deep understanding of these disciplines to help organizations stay ahead of emerging threats. His dedication to cybersecurity has made a significant impact on technology standards, businesses, academic institutions, government agencies, and other entities striving to improve their cybersecurity programs. Prior to working for Cisco, Omar served in the U.S. Marines, focusing on the deployment, testing, and maintenance of Command, Control, Communications, Computer and Intelligence (C4I) systems. You can find Omar at:
X: @santosomar
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/santosomar
