Introduction to Wireless Systems

This is the eBook version of the printed book. If the print book includes a CD-ROM, this content is not included within the eBook version. A Coherent Systems View of Wireless and Cellular Network Design and Implementation Written for senior-level undergraduates, first-year graduate students, and junior technical professionals, Introduction to Wireless Systems offers a coherent systems view of the crucial lower layers of today’s cellular systems. The authors introduce today’s most important propagation issues, modulation techniques, and access schemes, illuminating theory with real-world examples from modern cellular systems. They demonstrate how elements within today’s wireless systems interrelate, clarify the trade-offs associated with delivering high-quality service at acceptable cost, and demonstrate how systems are designed and implemented by teams of complementary specialists. Coverage includes Understanding the challenge of moving information wirelessly between two points Explaining how system and subsystem designers work together to analyze, plan, and implement optimized wireless systems Designing for quality reception: using the free-space range equation, and accounting for thermal noise Understanding terrestrial channels and their impairments, including shadowing and multipath reception Reusing frequencies to provide service over wide areas to large subscriber bases Using modulation: frequency efficiency, power efficiency, BER, bandwidth, adjacent-channel interference, and spread-spectrum modulation Implementing multiple access methods, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Designing systems for today’s most common forms of traffic—both “bursty” and “streaming” Maximizing capacity via linear predictive coding and other speech compression techniques Setting up connections that support reliable communication among users Introduction to Wireless Systems brings together the theoretical and practical knowledge readers need to participate effectively in the planning, design, or implementation of virtually any wireless system.

Table of Contents:
Preface        xiii Acknowledgments        xv About the Authors      xvii Chapter 1: Introduction        1 Overview 1 System Description 4 Historical Perspective 10 Systems Engineering and the Role of the Systems Engineer 12 Chapter 2: The Radio Link        17 Introduction 17 Transmitting and Receiving Electromagnetic Waves 18 Isotropic Radiation 20 Antenna Radiation Patterns 22 The Range Equation 28 Thermal Noise and Receiver Analysis 34 Optimizing the Energy Transmission System 61 Conclusions 70 Problems 70 Chapter 3: Channel Characteristics        77 Introduction 77 Macroscopic Models 1: Reflection from the Earth’s Surface 79 Macroscopic Models 2: Empirical Models 86 Macroscopic Models 3: Log-Normal Shadowing 95 Microscopic Models 1: Multipath Propagation and Fading 100 Microscopic Models 2: Statistical Models for Multipath Propagation 106 Microscopic Models 3: A Two-Ray Model with a Moving Receiver 121 Microscopic Models 4: A Statistical Model with a Moving Receiver 129 Area Coverage 132 The Link Budget 137 Conclusions 139 Problems 141 Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Coverage: Systems Engineering and Design        149 Motivation 149 Requirements Assessment and System Architecture 150 Cellular Concepts 153 Estimation of Interference Levels 167 Cellular System Planning and Engineering 173 Operational Considerations 183 Traffic Engineering, Trunking, and Grade of Service 187 Conclusions 194 Problems 196 Chapter 5: Digital Signaling Principles        203 Introduction 203 Carrier-Based Signaling 226 Spread-Spectrum Signaling 267 Conclusions 278 Problems 280 Chapter 6: Access Methods        287 Introduction 287 Channel Access in Cellular Systems 290 Frequency-Division Multiple Access 295 Time-Division Multiple Access 300 Code-Division Multiple Access 306 Contention-Based Multiple Access 325 Conclusions 335 Problems 337 Chapter 7: Information Sources        343 Introduction 343 Information Sources and Their Characterization 346 Digitization of Speech Signals 355 Coding for Error Correction 376 Conclusions 389 Problems 392 Chapter 8: Putting It All Together        397 Introduction 397 Looking Backward 399 Contemporary Systems and 3G Evolution 411 OFDM: An Architecture for the Fourth Generation 432 Conclusions 442 Appendix A: Statistical Functions and Tables        443 The Normal Distribution 443 Function Tables 446 Appendix B: Traffic Engineering       453 Grade of Service and the State of the Switch 453 A Model for Call Arrivals 454 A Model for Holding Time 456 The Switch State Probabilities 457 Blocking Probability, Offered Load, and Erlang B 460 Computational Techniques for the Erlang B Formula 462 Erlang B Table 465 Acronyms 477 Index 483

About the Author :
Bruce A. Black completed his B.S. at Columbia University, his S.M. at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his Ph.D. at the University of California at Berkeley, all in electrical engineering. Since 1983 he has been on the faculty of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology in Terre Haute, Indiana, where he has been advisor to Tau Beta Pi and is advisor to the Amateur Radio club (W9NAA). His interests are in communications, wireless systems, and signal processing. He has developed a variety of courses and laboratories in the signal processing and communications areas, including a junior-level laboratory in communication systems and a senior elective in wireless systems. In 2004 he was named Wireless Educator of the Year by the Global Wireless Education Consortium. He is a member of Tau Beta Pi, Eta Kappa Nu, and Sigma Xi. Philip S. DiPiazza received a B.E.E from Manhattan College in 1964, an M.E. in electrical engineering from New York University in 1965, and a Ph.D. (electrical engineering) from the Polytechnic Institute of New York in 1976. His career spans more than 40 years of professional experience in industry, academe, and private practice. During the first ten years of his career, he was a systems engineer engaged in the development of advanced airborne radar systems at the Norden Division of United Technologies. He joined Bell Laboratories (AT&T) in 1977, where, as a systems engineer and technical manager, he was engaged in the development of cellular mobile telephone (AMPS) and later wireless PBX systems. Dr. DiPiazza was responsible for the system integration and test of the first North American deployment of AMPS. SInce retiring from AT&T Labs in 1998, he has served as an industry management consultant, Executive Director at Rutgers WINLAB, and Vice President and General Manager of the Melbourne Division of SAFCO Technologies, Inc. As a Visiting Professor at the Florida Institute of Technology, he was founding director for its Wireless Center of Excellence and developed graduate programs in wireless. He is currently an Adjunct Professor at the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology and a Senior Consultant with Award Solutions, Inc. Dr. DiPiazza is an advisor and member of the Global Wireless Educational Consortium and a member of the IEEE. Bruce A. Ferguson received the B.S., M.S., and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana in 1987, 1988, and 1992 respectively. He is currently a Communication System Engineer with Northrop Grumman Space Technology. He has worked with space and ground communication systems and photonics at TRW Space and Electronics (now NGST), and taught at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology and The University of Portland in Oregon. Dr. Ferguson is a member Eta Kappa Nu and IEEE. David R. Voltmer received degrees from Iowa State University (B.S.), University of Southern California (M.S.), and The Ohio State University (Ph.D.), all in electrical engineering. During nearly four decades of teaching, Dr. Voltmer has maintained a technical focus in electromagnetics, microwaves, and antennas. His more recent efforts are directed toward the design process and project courses. He has served in many offices of the ERM division of ASEE and in FIE. Dr. Voltmer is an ASEE Fellow and a Life Senior member of IEEE. Frederick C. Berry received the B.S., M.S., and D.E. degrees from Louisiana Tech University in 1981, 1983, and 1988 respectively. He taught in the Electrical Engineering Department at Louisiana Tech University from 1982 to 1995. Currently Dr. Berry is Professor and Head of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. In 2007 he became Executive Director of the Global Wireless Education Consortium. He is a member of Tau Beta Pi, Eta Kappa Nu, and Sigma Xi.