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Search Engines: Information Retrieval in Practice: United States Edition

Search Engines: Information Retrieval in Practice: United States Edition


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About the Book

Search Engines: Information Retrieval in Practice is ideal for introductory information retrieval courses at the undergraduate and graduate level in computer science, information science and computer engineering departments. It is also a valuable tool for search engine and information retrieval professionals.   Written by a leader in the field of information retrieval, Search Engines: Information Retrieval in Practice, is designed to give undergraduate students the understanding and tools they need to evaluate, compare and modify search engines.  Coverage of the underlying IR and mathematical models reinforce key concepts. The book’s numerous programming exercises make extensive use of Galago, a Java-based open source search engine.

Table of Contents:
1 Search Engines and Information Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1     1.1 What is Information Retrieval? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1     1.2 Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6     1.3 Search Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9     1.4 Book Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 Architecture of a Search Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15     2.1 What is an Architecture? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15     2.2 Basic Building Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16     2.3 Breaking It Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19         2.3.1 Text Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19         2.3.2 Text Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21         2.3.3 Index Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24              2.3.4 User Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25         2.3.5 Ranking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27         2.3.6 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29     2.4 How Does It Really Work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3 Crawls and Feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33     3.1 Deciding what to search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33     3.2 Crawling the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33     3.3 Directory Crawling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34     3.4 Document Feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34     3.5 The Conversion Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34     3.6 Storing the Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35     3.7 Detecting Duplicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36     3.8 Removing Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4 Processing Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47     4.1 From Words to Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47     4.2 Text Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49         4.2.1 Vocabulary Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54         4.2.2 Estimating Database and Result Set Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57     4.3 Document Parsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60         4.3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60         4.3.2 Tokenizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61         4.3.3 Stopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64         4.3.4 Stemming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65         4.3.5 Phrases and N-grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71     4.4 Document Structure and Markup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75     4.5 Link Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78         4.5.1 Anchor Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79         4.5.2 PageRank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79         4.5.3 Link Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85     4.6 Information Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87     4.7 Internationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5 Ranking with Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99     5.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99     5.2 Abstract Model of Ranking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100     5.3 Inverted indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103         5.3.1 Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105         5.3.2 Counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107         5.3.3 Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108         5.3.4 Fields and Extents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110         5.3.5 Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112         5.3.6 Ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113     5.4 Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114         5.4.1 Entropy and Ambiguity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116         5.4.2 Delta Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118         5.4.3 Bit-aligned codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119         5.4.4 Byte-aligned codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122         5.4.5 Looking ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123         5.4.6 Skipping and Skip Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124     5.5 Auxiliary Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126     5.6 Index Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128         5.6.1 Simple Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128         5.6.2 Merging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130         5.6.3 Parallelism and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131         5.6.4 Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136     5.7 Query Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138         5.7.1 Document-at-a-time evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138         5.7.2 Term-at-a-time evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140         5.7.3 Optimization techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142         5.7.4 Structured queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150         5.7.5 Distributed evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152         5.7.6 Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6 Queries and Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159     6.1 Information Needs and Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159     6.2 Query Transformation and Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162         6.2.1 Stopping and Stemming Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162         6.2.2 Spell Checking and Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165         6.2.3 Query Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171         6.2.4 Relevance Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179         6.2.5 Context and Personalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183     6.3 Showing the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186         6.3.1 Result Pages and Snippets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186         6.3.2 Advertising and Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189         6.3.3 Clustering the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193     6.4 Cross-Language Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 7 Retrieval Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205     7.1 Overview of Retrieval Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205         7.1.1 Boolean Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207         7.1.2 The Vector Space Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209     7.2 Probabilistic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215         7.2.1 Information Retrieval as Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216         7.2.2 The BM25 Ranking Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221     7.3 Ranking based on Language Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224          7.3.1 Query Likelihood Ranking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226         7.3.2 Relevance Models and Pseudo-Relevance Feedback . . . . . . 232     7.4 Complex Queries and Combining Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238         7.4.1 The Inference Network Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239         7.4.2 The Galago Query Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245     7.5 Web Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250     7.6 Machine Learning and Information Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255         7.6.1 Learning to Rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256         7.6.2 Topic Models and Vocabulary Mismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259     7.7 Application-Based Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 8 Evaluating Search Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269     8.1 Why Evaluate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269     8.2 The Evaluation Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271     8.3 Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277     8.4 Effectiveness Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280         8.4.1 Recall and Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280         8.4.2 Averaging and Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285         8.4.3 Focusing On The Top Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290         8.4.4 Using Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293     8.5 Efficiency Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294     8.6 Training, Testing, and Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297         8.6.1 Significance Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297         8.6.2 Setting Parameter Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302     8.7 The Bottom Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 9 Classification and Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309     9.1 Classification and Categorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310         9.1.1 Naïve Bayes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312         9.1.2 Support Vector Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320         9.1.3 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328         9.1.4 Classifier and Feature Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329         9.1.5 Spam, Sentiment, and Online Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333     9.2 Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343         9.2.1 Hierarchical and K-Means Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344         9.2.2 K Nearest Neighbor Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354         9.2.3 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356         9.2.4 How to Choose K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357         9.2.5 Clustering and Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 10 Social Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365     10.1 What is Social Search? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365     10.2 User Tags and Manual Indexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366     10.3 Searching With Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366     10.4 Filtering and Recommending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366         10.4.1 Document Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366         10.4.2 Collaborative Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375     10.5 Personalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380     10.6 Peer-to-Peer and Metasearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380         10.6.1 Distributed search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380         10.6.2 P2P Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 11 Beyond Bag of Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391     11.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391     11.2 Feature-Based Retrieval Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392     11.3 Term Dependence Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394     11.4 Structure Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399         11.4.1 XML Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401     11.5 Longer Questions, Better Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404     11.6 Words, Pictures, and Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408     11.7 One Search Fits All? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

About the Author :
W. Bruce Croft is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, which he joined in 1979. In 1992, he became the Director of the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval (CIIR), which combines basic research with technology transfer to a variety of government and industry partners. He has published more than 180 articles related to information retrieval. Dr. Croft was elected a Fellow of ACM in 1997, received the Research Award from the American Society for Information Science and Technology in 2000, and received the Gerard Salton Award from the ACM Special Interest Group in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) in 2003. Donald Metzler is a Research Scientist in the Search and Computational Advertising group at Yahoo! Research in Santa Clara, CA. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts in 2007. During his graduate studies he was awarded a Microsoft Live Labs Graduate Fellowship. His research interests include formal information retrieval models, web search, advertising, and machine learning. Trevor Strohman is a software engineer in the Google search quality division. His Ph.D., from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, focused on high-performance text retrieval systems that are easily adaptable to fit specific retrieval applications. He has published papers and presented a tutorial at the top information retrieval conference, SIGIR. He is the creator of the Galago search engine, and the primary developer of the Indri search engine (www.lemurproject.org/indri). He has ten years of professional software development experience, including desktop, server, and web applications.


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Product Details
  • ISBN-13: 9780136072249
  • Publisher: Pearson Education (US)
  • Publisher Imprint: Pearson
  • Height: 232 mm
  • No of Pages: 552
  • Weight: 1089 gr
  • ISBN-10: 0136072240
  • Publisher Date: 01 May 2009
  • Binding: Hardback
  • Language: English
  • Sub Title: Information Retrieval in Practice: United States Edition
  • Width: 187 mm


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  • Avoid writing about customer service. contact us instead if you have issue requiring immediate attention.
  • Refrain from mentioning competitors or the specific price you paid for the product.
  • Do not include any personally identifiable information, such as full names.

Search Engines: Information Retrieval in Practice: United States Edition

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    CUSTOMER RATINGS AND REVIEWS AND QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS TERMS OF USE

    These Terms of Use govern your conduct associated with the Customer Ratings and Reviews and/or Questions and Answers service offered by Bookswagon (the "CRR Service").


    By submitting any content to Bookswagon, you guarantee that:
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    • All content that you post is accurate;
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    You agree to indemnify and hold Bookswagon (and its officers, directors, agents, subsidiaries, joint ventures, employees and third-party service providers, including but not limited to Bazaarvoice, Inc.), harmless from all claims, demands, and damages (actual and consequential) of every kind and nature, known and unknown including reasonable attorneys' fees, arising out of a breach of your representations and warranties set forth above, or your violation of any law or the rights of a third party.


    For any content that you submit, you grant Bookswagon a perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free, transferable right and license to use, copy, modify, delete in its entirety, adapt, publish, translate, create derivative works from and/or sell, transfer, and/or distribute such content and/or incorporate such content into any form, medium or technology throughout the world without compensation to you. Additionally,  Bookswagon may transfer or share any personal information that you submit with its third-party service providers, including but not limited to Bazaarvoice, Inc. in accordance with  Privacy Policy


    All content that you submit may be used at Bookswagon's sole discretion. Bookswagon reserves the right to change, condense, withhold publication, remove or delete any content on Bookswagon's website that Bookswagon deems, in its sole discretion, to violate the content guidelines or any other provision of these Terms of Use.  Bookswagon does not guarantee that you will have any recourse through Bookswagon to edit or delete any content you have submitted. Ratings and written comments are generally posted within two to four business days. However, Bookswagon reserves the right to remove or to refuse to post any submission to the extent authorized by law. You acknowledge that you, not Bookswagon, are responsible for the contents of your submission. None of the content that you submit shall be subject to any obligation of confidence on the part of Bookswagon, its agents, subsidiaries, affiliates, partners or third party service providers (including but not limited to Bazaarvoice, Inc.)and their respective directors, officers and employees.

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